The Role of Amino Acid Metabolic Reprogramming in Tumor Development and Immunotherapy

Abstract

Many amino acid transporters are solvent carrier proteins, which are membrane transport proteins. In order for cells of all kinds to thrive, including cancerous ones, they need a constant supply of amino acids, which are important for growth and development. Tumor cells exhibit considerable metabolic reprogramming as one of their distinguishing characteristics. A growing number of studies have shown that the Warburg effect is just one of several factors that influence the development and occurrence of cancers and the tumor microenvironment, immunological response, and cell activity in the gained and innate immune systems. Metabolism reprogramming is required for both cancer growth and the induction of efficient immune systems in the tumor microenvironment. The amino acid metabolism of different cells and their interaction with one another influence tumor immunity and therapeutic efficacy in cancer patients. Therefore, amino acid metabolism has received more attention. Amino acid metabolism is extensively involved in regulating the immune response in the tumor microenvironment. Tumor immunotherapy helps the immune system kill tumor cells by targeting specific molecules and abnormal metabolic processes to change the tumor microenvironment. Amino acid metabolizable energy regulates tumor microenvironment and anti-tumor immune response from signal transduction, tumor inflammatory environment, angiogenesis, tumor cell invasion, and metastasis. It is a crucial intervention target in tumor immunotherapy. This review summarizes the most recent developments in amino acid metabolic reprogramming in tumorigenesis and immunotherapy.