Abstract
Bone regeneration is a complex process that is influenced by tissue interactions, inflammatory responses, and progenitor cells. Diseases, lifestyle, or multiple trauma can disturb fracture healing, which might result in prolonged healing duration or even failure. The current gold standard therapy in these cases are bone grafts. However, they are associated with several disadvantages, e.g., donor site morbidity and availability of appropriate material. Bone tissue engineering has been proposed as a promising alternative. The success of bone-tissue engineering depends on the administered cells, osteogenic differentiation, and secretome. Different stem cell types offer advantages and drawbacks in this field, while adipose-derived stem or stromal cells (ASCs) are in particular promising. They show high osteogenic potential, osteoinductive ability, and immunomodulation properties. Furthermore, they can be harvested through a noninvasive process in high numbers. ASCs can be induced into osteogenic lineage through bioactive molecules, i.e., growth factors and cytokines. Moreover, their secretome, in particular extracellular vesicles, has been linked to fracture healing. The aim of this review is a comprehensive overview of ASCs for bone regeneration and bone tissue engineering.
Highlights
Equilibrium is obtained by synthesizing osteoblasts and degradation from osteoclasts [3]. bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (bmMSCs) influence this through their secretome and their ability to develop into osteoblasts [3,18]
The electric signaling is associated with intracellular Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum, which is of relevance for several physiologic processes, including osteogenesis [112]
A layer of dopamine was placed on a poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) scaffold and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 was attached via a catechol reaction. This method was applied to a calvarial defect and increased the osteogenic differentiation of adipose-derived stem or stromal cells (ASCs) when introduced inside a bone defect
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. One approach is to transplant osteogenically induced stem cells into the bone defect zone, which support the healing process. Adult stem cells can be isolated from a variety of tissues including adipose-derived stem or stromal cells (ASCs) from adipose tissue, with high osteoinductive and osteogenic potential [11]. These adult stem cells are called mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Bone tissue engineering is a sophisticated process, in which there is an interplay between stem cell properties, osteogenic pathways and secretome.
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