Abstract
Mitral stenosis is an important cause of heart valve disease globally. Echocardiography is the main imaging modality used to diagnose and assess the severity and hemodynamic consequences of mitral stenosis as well as valve morphology. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is sufficient for the management of most patients. The focus of this review is the role of current two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) echocardiographic imaging for the evaluation of mitral stenosis.
Highlights
In order to select stenosis severity [4]. 2D planimetry is performed in the parasternal short-axis view.anIt adequate the valve careful scanning from base toThe apexmeasureshould involves alignment tracing theofinner edgeorifice of the plane, mitralavalve orifice in mid diastole
Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area (PISA) method is rarely used in mitral stenosis, though it can be useful in the presence of significant mitral regurgitation
Three-dimensional echocardiography is superior in evaluating mitral stenosis severity, because direct visualization of the valve orifice in multiple planes ensures that the planimetry takes place at the level of the mitral leaflet tips, where the valve orifice is narrowest
Summary
Mitral stenosis is an important cause of heart valve disease globally. Rheumatic heart disease is the most common etiology worldwide [1]. The prevalence of degenerative mitral stenosis increases with age, and is a common finding in the elderly population in developed countries [2]. Both types of mitral stenosis are more frequent in females [3]. Less common causes of mitral stenosis include: congenital causes, systemic immune-mediated diseases, carcinoid syndrome, radiotherapy, and some drugs. Echocardiography is the main imaging modality to diagnose and assess the severity and hemodynamic consequences of mitral stenosis [4,5] as well as valve morphology.
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