Abstract
Throughout the nineteenth century, Britain’s dominance as an imperial power extended well beyond those territories that were administered from the Colonial Office and the India Office. In addition to the formal Empire of the colonies and dominions, London also exercised considerable economic and political influence in China, Latin America and the Middle East. By 1914 Britain’s position in China and Latin America had been undermined by commercial and naval competition from Germany, Japan and the United States. However the consolidation of Britain’s informal empire in the Middle East progressed steadily as the government took effective control of Egypt in the early 1880s and then acquired possession of the ‘mandates’ over Iraq and Palestine in 1920.
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