The RNA-Binding Protein ProQ Impacts Exopolysaccharide Biosynthesis and Second Messenger Cyclic di-GMP Signaling in the Fire Blight Pathogen Erwinia amylovora.

Abstract

Erwinia amylovora is a plant-pathogenic bacterium that causes fire blight disease in many economically important plants, including apples and pears. This bacterium produces three exopolysaccharides (EPSs), amylovoran, levan, and cellulose, and forms biofilms in host plant vascular tissues, which are crucial for pathogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that ProQ, a conserved bacterial RNA chaperone, was required for the virulence of E. amylovora in apple shoots and for biofilm formation in planta. In vitro experiments revealed that the deletion of proQ increased the production of amylovoran and cellulose. Prc is a putative periplasmic protease, and the prc gene is located adjacent to proQ. We found that Prc and the associated lipoprotein NlpI negatively affected amylovoran production, whereas Spr, a peptidoglycan hydrolase degraded by Prc, positively regulated amylovoran. Since the prc promoter is likely located within proQ, our data showed that proQ deletion significantly reduced the prc mRNA levels. We used a genome-wide transposon mutagenesis experiment to uncover the involvement of the bacterial second messenger c-di-GMP in ProQ-mediated cellulose production. The deletion of proQ resulted in elevated intracellular c-di-GMP levels and cellulose production, which were restored to wild-type levels by deleting genes encoding c-di-GMP biosynthesis enzymes. Moreover, ProQ positively affected the mRNA levels of genes encoding c-di-GMP-degrading phosphodiesterase enzymes via a mechanism independent of mRNA decay. In summary, our study revealed a detailed function of E. amylovora ProQ in coordinating cellulose biosynthesis and, for the first time, linked ProQ with c-di-GMP metabolism and also uncovered a role of Prc in the regulation of amylovoran production. IMPORTANCE Fire blight, caused by the bacterium Erwinia amylovora, is an important disease affecting many rosaceous plants, including apple and pear, that can lead to devastating economic losses worldwide. Similar to many xylem-invading pathogens, E. amylovora forms biofilms that rely on the production of exopolysaccharides (EPSs). In this paper, we identified the RNA-binding protein ProQ as an important virulence regulator. ProQ played a central role in controlling the production of EPSs and participated in the regulation of several conserved bacterial signal transduction pathways, including the second messenger c-di-GMP and the periplasmic protease Prc-mediated systems. Since ProQ has recently been recognized as a global posttranscriptional regulator in many bacteria, these findings provide new insights into multitiered regulatory mechanisms for the precise control of virulence factor production in bacterial pathogens.