The Rio Apa Craton in Mato Grosso do Sul (Brazil) and northern Paraguay: Geochronological evolution, correlations and tectonic implications for Rodinia and Gondwana

Abstract

The Rio Apa cratonic fragment crops out in Mato Grosso do Sul State of Brazil and in northeastern Paraguay. It comprises Paleo-Mesoproterozoic medium grade metamorphic rocks, intruded by granitic rocks, and is covered by the Neoprotero- zoic deposits of the Corumbaand Itapocumi Groups. Eastward it is bound by the southern portion of the Paraguay belt. In this work, more than 100 isotopic determina- tions, including U-Pb SHRIMP zircon ages, Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd whole-rock determina- tions, as well as K-Ar and Ar-Ar mineral ages, were reassessed in order to obtain a complete picture of its regional geological history. The tectonic evolution of the Rio Apa Craton starts with the formation of a series of magmatic arc complexes. The oldest U-Pb SHRIMP zircon age comes from a banded gneiss collected in the northern part of the region, with an age of 1950 23 Ma. The large granitic intrusion of the Alumiador Batholith yielded a U-Pb zircon age of 1839 33 Ma, and from the southeastern part of the area two orthogneisses gave zircon U-Pb ages of 1774 26 Ma and 1721 25 Ma. These may be coeval with the Alto Tereremetamorphic rocks of the northeastern corner, intruded in their turn by the Bao´a das Garcas granitic rocks, one of them yielding a zircon U-Pb age of 1754 49 Ma. The original magmatic protoliths of these rocks involved some crustal component, as indicated by the Sm-Nd T DM model ages, between 1.9 and 2.5 Ga. Regional Sr isotopic homogenization, associated with tectonic deformation and medium-grade metamorphism occurred at approximately 1670 Ma, as suggested by Rb-Sr whole rock reference isochrons. Finally, at 1300 Ma ago, the Ar work indicates that the Rio Apa Craton was affected by widespread regional heating, when the temperature probably exceeded 350°C. Geographic distribution, age and isotopic signature of the lithotectonic units suggest the existence of a major suture separating two different tectonic domains, juxtaposed at about 1670 Ma. From that time on, the unified Rio Apa continental block behaved as one coherent and stable tectonic unit. It correlates well with the SW corner of the Amazonian Craton, where the medium-grade rocks of the Juruena-Rio Negro tectonic province, with ages between 1600 and 1780 Ma, were reworked at about 1300 Ma. Looking at the largest scale, the Rio Apa Craton is probably attached to the larger Amazonian Craton, and the actual configuration of southwestern South America is possibly due to a complex arrangement of allochthonous blocks such as the Arequipa, Antofalla and Pampia, with different sizes, that may have originated as disrupted parts of either Laurentia or Amazonia, and were trapped during later collisions of these continental masses.