Abstract
The rhizosphere microbial community in a hydroponics system with multiple parallel mineralization (MPM) can potentially suppress root-borne diseases. This study focused on revealing the biological nature of the suppression against Fusarium wilt disease, which is caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum, and describing the factors that may influence the fungal pathogen in the MPM system. We demonstrated that the rhizosphere microbiota that developed in the MPM system could suppress Fusarium wilt disease under in vitro and greenhouse conditions. The microbiological characteristics of the MPM system were able to control the population dynamics of F. oxysporum, but did not eradicate the fungal pathogen. The roles of the microbiological agents underlying the disease suppression and the magnitude of the disease suppression in the MPM system appear to depend on the microbial density. F. oxysporum that survived in the MPM system formed chlamydospores when exposed to the rhizosphere microbiota. These results suggest that the microbiota suppresses proliferation of F. oxysporum by controlling the pathogen's morphogenesis and by developing an ecosystem that permits coexistence with F. oxysporum.
Highlights
A soil-free cultivation system is generally believed to require the elimination of microbial and organic contaminants from the nutrient solution, whether the system uses open or closed circulation (Garland and Mackoqiak 1990; Stanghellini and Rasmussen 1994; Stanghellini et al 1996; Garland et al 1997; Koohakana et al 2004; Ehret et al.2005; Lee et al 2006)
A biofilm covered the root hairs in the multiple parallel mineralization (MPM) system, whereas neither root hairs nor biofilm was observed in the conventional inorganic hydroponics (Fig. 1A, B)
Microbiota that developed in the MPM system could suppress F. oxysporum in both in vitro studies and in experiments performed under greenhouse conditions
Summary
A soil-free cultivation system is generally believed to require the elimination of microbial and organic contaminants from the nutrient solution, whether the system uses open or closed circulation (Garland and Mackoqiak 1990; Stanghellini and Rasmussen 1994; Stanghellini et al 1996; Garland et al 1997; Koohakana et al 2004; Ehret et al.2005; Lee et al 2006). The Rhizosphere Biofilms Suppress F. oxysporum nutrient production efficiency and the control of root diseases The former trait results from microbial mineralization of the organic fertilizer used in the hydroponics solution, which promotes the transformation of organic nitrogen into nitrate nitrogen in the hydroponics solution as a result of two sequential microbial processes: ammonification and nitrification. It is necessary to culture soil microorganisms in the hydroponics solution and develop a microbial community that is capable of mineralizing organic fertilizer into nitrate ions This approach recreates a microbial environment that promotes coexistence of the plants and microbes in a hydroponics system in a manner similar to that which occurs in soils (Shinohara et al 2011). Identifying the factors responsible for the success of this approach will improve our understanding of microbial contributions to the suppression of root-borne diseases and provide insights into previously unknown biological phenomena that occur in the plant rhizosphere
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