Abstract
Magnets have been widely used in dentistry for orthodontic tooth movement and denture retention. Nevertheless, criticisms have arisen regarding the biosafety of static magnetic field (SMF) effects on surrounding tissues. Various controversial pieces of evidence have been discussed regarding SMFs on cellular biophysics, but little consensus has been reached, especially in the field of dentistry. Thus, the present paper will first review the safe use of SMFs in the oral cavity and as an additive therapy to orthodontic tooth movement and periodontium regeneration. Then, studies regarding SMF-incorporated implants are reviewed to investigate the advantageous effects of SMFs on osseointegration and the underlying mechanisms. Finally, a review of current developments in dentistry surrounding the combination of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and SMFs is made to clarify potential future clinical applications.
Highlights
With their small size and ability to generate strong forces through static magnetic fields (SMFs), magnets have been widely used in the dental and medical fields
When permanent rare earth magnets are used for orthodontic treatment, oral tissues will be exposed to a sustained SMF [33,35]
Other studies show that exposure of fibroblast cultures to moderate strength SMF has little influence on growth [37,46]; DNA contents of exposed and control cells showed no significant differences with different exposure times [45,46]
Summary
With their small size and ability to generate strong forces through static magnetic fields (SMFs), magnets have been widely used in the dental and medical fields. The magnetic targeting approach improved short-term cell retention and subsequently boosted long-term cell engraftment in MNP-labeled cardiosphere-derived cell transplantation [27,28]. In another study by Goranov et al [32], seeding MNP-labeled human umbilical vein endothelial cells and mesenchymal stem cells on a Fe-droped hydroxyapatite/Poly(ε-caprolactone) magnetic scaffold under different external SMF directions allowed two separated but well-organized cell colonies to become established inside the scaffold. This simple and controllable method of cell distribution in a deep scaffold space provides an advanced tissue engineering and regeneration technology.
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