Abstract
erin has been used for years for the treatment of bladder cancer, but the idea that cancers were the result of an immune imbalance led to a reassessment of the role of microbiota in this situation. One study showed the role of microbiota in the effect of monoclonal antibodies in melanoma [2], and another showed the effectiveness of probiotics in liver cancer control in mice [3]. The eruption of microbiota manipulations in the treatment of cancer is one of the most amazing scientific advances in recent years. Moreover, the role of microbiota in the modulation, sensitivity and clinical expression of infectious diseases is a major advance. A recent review proposed that we should change the Koch criteria to reintroduce the role of microbiota [4]. This is particularly demonstrated in Clostridium butyricum infections, but also in enterocolitis in infants [5]. Microbiota changes in infants, often after antibiotic therapy, are associated with enterocolitis, and the replacement of faecal flora causes dramatic cure rates for enterocolitis caused by Clostridium difficile. This shows again the importance of the imbalance between mucosal flora and the pathogen. Furthermore, this role has been surprisingly shown in the severity of malaria [6].
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