Abstract
This chapter shows how a dozen items were identified as belonging to the beginning of a contract and then restored and dated. Since all contracts opened with a single Egyptian or double Babylonian-Egyptian date formula and presentation of the parties with their occupational or military affiliation, a fragment belonging to the opening lines if it has any part of a date and/or a personal name is identified. Returning to the early documents, a set of Elephantine aramaic fragments whose script resembles that of a pair of contracts dated to the Egyptian month of Phaophi, year 3 of Xerxes, and including among its witnesses one with the Aramean name Nushkuidri is found. The next fragment was easily recognized by both Sachau and Cowley (C65,5) as coming from the beginning of a contract; it clearly belongs in the center third of the papyrus. Keywords: Babylonian-Egyptian; Elephantine aramaic fragments; Nushkuidri; papyrus
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