Abstract

Physiological and growth responses of two Australian Echinochloa colona biotypes (glyphosate-resistant and susceptible, produced from a single population) to different concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) (ambient ~450 ppm and elevated ~750 ppm) and soil moisture (well-watered and water-stressed) were analyzed. Elevated CO2 and well-watered conditions resulted in E. colona plants with greater biomass, height and numbers of tillers and leaves in both biotypes; however, no significant response was observed for seed production or the amount of photosynthesis pigments with increasing CO2 at both soil moisture levels. In addition, water availability was more influential for growth than CO2 concentration. The mean shoot biomass of the susceptible biotype under elevated CO2 and well-watered conditions was significantly greater than the resistant biotype. Although the susceptible biotype showed more vegetative and reproductive growth than the resistant biotype, no significant difference was observed for seed production between the biotypes in the water-stressed condition. In a second experiment, different doses of glyphosate (0, 180, 360, 720 and 1440 g a.e ha−1) were applied to both biotypes grown at two soil moisture levels (well-watered and water-stressed). In the water-stressed condition, glyphosate efficacy was decreased in both biotypes. The resistant biotype in the well-watered condition had only 19% survival at 1440 g ha−1 glyphosate (double the recommended rate), but this value increased in the water-stressed condition by 62%. Our study suggests that future climate change can affect the physiological and growth processes of weeds and their responses to herbicides. Knowledge of their adapting behaviors will be critical to weed management strategies.

Highlights

  • Physiological and growth responses of two Australian Echinochloa colona biotypes to different concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) and soil moisture were analyzed

  • In the well-watered treatment, 55 days after planting, the height of the susceptible biotype at elevated CO2 was increased by ~16% compared to plants grown at ambient CO2, but there was no significant increase in the resistant biotype

  • In the water-stressed treatment, no significant difference was observed between the height of the resistant and susceptible biotypes at both CO2 concentrations

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Summary

Introduction

Physiological and growth responses of two Australian Echinochloa colona biotypes (glyphosateresistant and susceptible, produced from a single population) to different concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) (ambient ~450 ppm and elevated ~750 ppm) and soil moisture (well-watered and waterstressed) were analyzed. Our study suggests that future climate change can affect the physiological and growth processes of weeds and their responses to herbicides Knowledge of their adapting behaviors will be critical to weed management strategies. An increase in the emission of greenhouse gasses (carbon dioxide-CO2, methane-CH4 and nitrous oxide-N2O4), aerosols, temperature and evaporation, as well as a decrease in precipitation will be important factors of future climate change[2]. These factors will influence other variables, such as different stresses (drought, salinity, etc), changes in pests’ life cycles and soils quality[3,4,5,6]. Some studies predicted a shift in the precipitation pattern and soil moisture deficiency[15,16,17,18,19,20] For example, the amount of rainfall is expected to decrease in central Queensland, Australia, by 10–20% of the current rainfall by 207016 and an average decrease of 2–5% is expected in all areas of Australia except the far north of Queensland by 203021

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