Abstract
The production of glass in Poland, especially of container and flat glass, has constantly risen for at least 30 years. New investments in this sector, which have recently been completed or are currently in progress, create optimistic prospects for further development of this industry, whose total annual production capacities in the next few years is expected to exceed 4 million tons. This will result in increasing demand for basic glass-making raw materials, especially high-quality silica sand (glass sand), which can be satisfied almost entirely from domestic sources. Poland as a country with a considerable resource base of these mineral raw materials, has noted a constantly growing production level that currently reaches approximately 2.8 million tons per year. This paper aims to characterize and interpret the development trends in the Polish glass industry in an international context, as well as the resulting increase in demand for glass sand. In this context, an attempt was made to answer questions concerning the sufficiency of the Polish domestic resource base for the production of glass sand. For this study, the leading recent international and Polish analyses, related to glass industry development, the resource base of glass silica sand, and the management of these types of sand, were taken into account, and were complemented by official statistical data and surveying of domestic glass producers. The performed analysis showed that when taking into account the available glass sand resources in developed deposits in Poland, it is possible to continue production at the existing or a slightly increasing level for another 20–25 years. Based on a more comprehensive perspective, however, it would be a good approach to continue providing access to those parts of currently extracted deposits of silica sand and sandstone that are now located outside of the existing exploitation licenses, as well as enabling the development of some satellite deposits in the Tomaszów Basin, which may prove difficult due to environmental factors.
Highlights
Glass production has been carried out for over 5000 years
The crusades enhanced the glass production movement with new techniques coming from the East, especially methods using main batch components
New types of glass furnaces, their growing sizes, as well as improvement of melting processes and forming processes and advanced glass production automation were introduced in the 19th century, and glass products became widely available during this time
Summary
Glass production has been carried out for over 5000 years. Until the 1st century BC, glass objects were mainly ornaments and small containers for cosmetics. In the Middle Ages, stained glass windows appeared in numerous churches and cathedrals that were built all over Europe. The crusades enhanced the glass production movement with new techniques coming from the East, especially methods using main batch components. New types of glass furnaces, their growing sizes, as well as improvement of melting processes and forming processes and advanced glass production automation were introduced in the 19th century, and glass products became widely available during this time. Throughout the 20th century, the trend towards automation accelerated and melting tanks were applied to all types of glass. The last 60 years saw revolutionary inventions of float flat glass and insulation glass [1,2,3,4]
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