Abstract
Bacteriophage 919TP is a temperate phage of Vibrio cholerae serogroup O1 El Tor and is used as a subtyping phage in the phage-biotyping scheme in cholera surveillance in China. In this study, sequencing of the 919TP genome showed that it belonged to the Vibrio phage K139 family. The mechanisms conferring resistance to 919TP infection of El Tor strains were explored to help understand the subtyping basis of phage 919TP and mutations related to 919TP resistance. Among the test strains resistant to phage 919TP, most contained the temperate 919TP phage genome, which facilitated superinfection exclusion to 919TP. Our data suggested that this immunity to Vibrio phage 919TP occurred after absorption of the phage onto the bacteria. Other strains contained LPS receptor synthesis gene mutations that disable adsorption of phage 919TP. Several strains resistant to 919TP infection possessed unknown resistance mechanisms, since they did not contain LPS receptor mutations or temperate K139 phage genome. Further research is required to elucidate the phage infection steps involved in the resistance of these strains to phage infection.
Highlights
Vibrio cholerae is a Gram-negative bacterium and the causative agent of cholera
The complete genomic sequence of phage 919TP was deposited in the GenBank database under the accession number KU504502
Following online sequence alignment1, the 919TP genomic sequence was highly homologous to Vibrio phages of the K139, VPUSM8, and KAPPA families
Summary
Vibrio cholerae is a Gram-negative bacterium and the causative agent of cholera. Seven pandemics of cholera have occurred worldwide over the last two centuries. Molecular subtyping and genome sequencing have revealed that different phylogenetic clones of V. cholerae O1 El Tor caused various epidemics during the seventh pandemic (Mutreja et al, 2011; Didelot et al, 2015). A Phage-Biotyping Scheme was developed for the subtyping of O1 El Tor strains and has been used in the cholera surveillance in China since the 1970s (Gao et al, 1984; Xiao et al, 2013). In the phage typing part of the scheme, five typing phages (named VP1 to VP5, respectively; Gao et al, 1984; Zhang et al, 2009; Li et al, 2013; Xu et al, 2013, 2014) are used and El Tor strains can be clustered into 32 distinct phage types (from 1 to 32) according to their
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