Abstract
studied the history of the Russian colony in Manchuria, 'at the beginning of the First World War the Russian population of Harbin was over 43 500 (64.5% of the total number of residents) and it had the appearance of a Russian city'.2 The Russian emigres included military units-remnants of the White armies (Kolchakovtsy, Kapelevtsy, Semenovtsy and others),3 soldiers' families, a large number of members of the intelligentsia and bourgeoisie, not only from Siberia but also from the central regions of Russia, who had fled abroad in the wake of the White armies. Manchuria in the early 1920s was a kind of staging post, from which Russian emigres went on to China, Japan, South-east Asia, Australia and the USA. Russian refugees were driven further and further from Russia, not only by rejection of and hatred for the new Soviet regime but also by a natural fear of red terror and Cheka torture chambers. Yet after leaving Russia, the emigres did not lose hope of returning,
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