The Research of Café Shop Management and Corporate Identity System

Introduction: World Cafe was initiated by Juanita Brown, Ph. D. and Mr. David Isaacs which is a way of discussion under a relaxed circumstance with flexible small group discussion and sincere dialogue in order to create collective intelligence. During discussion, we can have synchronized dialogue, introspection, and shared knowledge. Furthermore, we could even find an innovative opportunity of action. Method: We boldly introduced a form of discussion called ＂The Life Issue Cafe＂ in April, 2018 to the Old Street Compassionate Community in Shilin District, Taipei. The Life Issue Cafe is a forum for the elderly to discuss the issue of life, death and end-of-life. Our student volunteers of the community help the elderly with a discussion of 20 minutes for 3 rounds. After the dialogue, we inspect the product of collective intelligence and conclude the point of discussion. Result: Up to the present, we have 4 sessions of Life Issue Cafe, 27 senior citizens have been attended, and there are totally 60 attendees including the neighborhood residents and student volunteers. The Life Issue Cafe of the Old Street International Compassionate Community warms up the relationship between the elderly gradually in an innovative form of communication, and it transmits just like the fragrance of coffee spreads. The Life Issue Cafe enables the residents with more affective commitment, belongingness and sense of involvement; whereas the sincere dialogue with the elderly helps promote our care for others and is beneficial to the care related to life literacy.

This thesis applies a Critical Heritage Studies Framework to examine the effectiveness of applying international 'best practice' to identify and manage heritage as part of operations within the Sepon Gold & Copper Mine, Lao PDR. The management of caves as 'heritage places' is applied as a case study to highlight and discuss general heritage management issues as well as issues specific to caves. In particular, this examination will critique the way international 'best practice' applies a 'divided' heritage - the constructed nature-culture dichotomisation, and categorisation of cultural heritage as tangible, intangible, or historical heritage – and will critique the outcomes of applying the 'divide' in practice. Findings from this thesis indicate that caves located within the Sepon Mine support a range of natural and cultural uses and values that often overlap or are interdependent. Caves are also identified to hold past, present and future uses and values and remain significant to local community groups. From this perspective, caves can be managed for a range of 'living', 'plural', and 'sacred' heritage significance. Heritage management practices at the Sepon Gold & Copper Mine are guided by international regulatory processes, with Archaeological Heritage Management predominately applied to identify and manage heritage in operations. Following international 'best practice' and Lao heritage legislation, caves remain generally managed for natural or cultural tangible, intangible and historical heritage values independently, rather than as integrated 'living', 'plural', and 'sacred' places, that support a range of cross-cutting past, present, and future uses and values. Mining activity is also found to have increased the threat of damage and destruction to caves and other locally significant natural and cultural heritage. Unmitigated mining activity and application of a 'divided' heritage increase the risk to the sustainability of natural places like caves and their associated local heritage knowledge and practices. Overall, mining is a transnational commercial context that has arguably supported the alteration, and in some cases destruction, of aspects of local community heritage and the knowledge and practices associated with them. Mining and heritage together act as agents of change that together engender a process of 'reterritorialization' of the physical natural environment and associated local cultural knowledge and practices. The current context however represents a new phase in an ongoing process of change and interaction between human society and natural landscapes/places in the region in the Lao 'frontier' uplands as a result of social, economic or political interactions and influences. Managing present interactions and change sustainably will require stronger national regulation advocating for heritage management and protection within mining operations and after operations cease to support longer-term and sustainable management practices. To alleviate impacts and produce sustainable and longer-term management practices the application of local 'heritage' values in conjunction with regional and international 'best practice' approaches for heritage management is required. To meet local management needs in the present and future this will involve moving beyond application of international 'best practice' outright. Further, applying multi-lateral heritage management practices that integrate community knowledge and participation with international 'best practice' approached within mining operations can embrace a broader interpretation and management of caves as 'living' places, with 'plural' uses and values, and 'sacred' qualities. Community-based control of heritage can support efforts to localise identification and management of heritage, supporting effort to 'bridge the divide' in how heritage is defined, managed, and lived with.

Since times immemorial caves have been known as temporary and seasonal living places. In some cases they were used as places for different activities, such as processing artifacts (pottery, tools, weapons, jewels) or cult. In this study we are especially interested in the last aspect, involving cult activities. We briefly present other different caves used for such a purpose, in Romanian and in Europe. Some discoveries prove that caves used to shelter sanctuaries, offerings, ritual wells, and sometimes they were used as necropolises by some communities. It seems that, starting with the Copper Age, cult practices in the caves became more frequent. For the Cucuteni-Tripolye horizon the unique cave with traces of habitation is Werteba, near Bilcze Zlote (Podolian Plateau), today in the Ukrainian territory. We make a short incursion in the history of its discovery, and of the artifacts found there. In the same area, there are other sites related to the cultural complex under discussion; the nearby copper and salt -water sources, together with the hydrographic system (the Siret, the Dniester and their tributaries) and the soil quality account for the location of these sites. Very interesting are the artifacts that were found in the cave. Unfortunately, not all of them have been published until now. Another problem is the relation between these artifacts and the human graves, human skulls or dispersed human bones (pieces from about 120 persons) in the cave. From that point of view the site is very important, since, generally, we know few things about the graves or necropolises of this cultural complex. Many and various artifacts have been discovered (a main characteristic of such communities!); however, there has been no comprehensive publication, but only some reports and articles. Pottery represents the main kind of finds, the painted one prevailing (75%). Various motifs and symbols (geometric, zoomorphic, astral, vegetal) were used, many related with fertility and fecundity, and to attributes of the Great Mother Goddess. There are also anthropomorphic and zoomorphic statuettes, as well as stone artifacts. Very interesting and various are also the bone artifacts: spatulas, awls, 40 daggers, pendants (one of which became famous immediately after its the discovery, namely the one shaped as a bull’s head with a feminine deity incised on it). The jewels are also represented by amulets made by perforated fangs (dog, deer), as well as shells and copper beads. The richness and diversity of the artifacts found in the cave, their association with human remains, the hearths, the statuettes found in some of the cave's niches, impose the idea that the place was used for cult practices. We also agree to this interpretation; and still there are some enigmas, related to unsolved problems: the so-far superficial presentations of the discoveries, the nature of the relation between artifacts and human remains (graves, skulls, dispersed bones). Another problem is to what site the cave belongs: to the nearest one at Bilcze Zlote – Ogrod, or to other communities of the area too. Did the cave represent a necropolis for one community (human bones from 120 persons), or does it also reflect some symbolic burials (skulls, other dispersed bones)? Did the artifacts in the cave represent parts of the funerary inventory, or did they represent offerings? The recently discovered 16 skulls can reflect a skull cult, or an ancestor cult, as also manifest on other sites of the same cultural complex; but even the latest publication presents too general data, without the context of the discoveries or the association of the artifacts! Radiocarbon data for Bilcze Zlote – Ogrod and for the Werteba cave, as well as the analysis of the archaeological material (pottery and stone artifacts) provide a chronological frame for both sites, the cave having being occasionally used throughout a period of about 1000 years. As a conclusion, we believe that the Werteba cave is a unique, very important site of the Cucuteni-Tripolye cultural complex. In the future, a new, complex analysis of the conditions of the discoveries and on the relation between the artifacts and the human remains will provide new data that can make possible a better understanding of the cult practices that took place there. Keywords: Cucuteni-Tripolye, Werteba cave, synthesis.

Every person on the planet lives a significant portion of his or her life in a built indoor environment. Ideally, the built environment serves as protection from the extremes of the outdoor environment and is preferably comfortable. The first ‘built environment’ was a painted cave. The cave served as a shelter and the wall paintings represented a connection to nature and events occurring outside of the cave. Today, most people live and work in separate built environments. A comfortable built environment may attract visitors; have a positive effect on employee work performance and well-being. This thesis gathered and studied new information on traditional physical comfort issues, but also considered emotional and psychological comfort in traditional and non-traditional interior environmental design. Additionally, the studies took pre-comfort experiences and expectations into account and the importance of studying comfort over time. The following factors for a comfortable built environment are addressed in this PhD thesis, because they have been studied infrequently and are important: • ‘being in control’ of the built environment • a built environment that ‘stimulates people interaction’ • and a built environment that has ‘sensory variability’ The case studies selected for this thesis include at least one or more of these three elements. The theoretical hypothesis is that by designing built environments, beyond the physiological realm, where occupants have more control, have pleasant interactions with one another, and occupy a space with sensory variability, increases the probability of creating and providing a comfortable environment. The objective of this PhD thesis is to present the theoretical effects with affirmed empirical data gathered in a natural environment. The underlying foundation is to gain more knowledge about the psychological and emotional aspects of comfort including a holistic approach to improve the process of designing built environments. To substantiate this question the locations of the case studies in this book were in different interior environments. The environments included a dance studio, professional offices, airplanes, control rooms, and healthcare waiting areas. In Chapter 2a, patterns of discomfort were studied throughout the workweek and during the day in three different countries for three different occupations. The comparison study was about discomfort, accumulation, and fluctuation over the course of the day and the workweek. Physical discomfort increased during the day and was maximal in the middle of the week in all three studies. A peak in discomfort during the week suggested that the variation in the environment or ‘sensory variability’ of the tasks in all three studies was lacking. The element of ‘stimulating people interaction’ was present in this study because “people” made the participants most comfortable and uncomfortable in the working environment. Chapter 2b is a further analysis of one of the studies mentioned in Chapter 2a. A self-assessment survey documented the physical, psychological and emotional comfort levels of participants throughout the day and workweek for an engineering office. The element ‘sensory variability’ was present due to variation in the environments sensed by the human body during waking, travel to work, being at work and at the end of the workday. The need for sensory variability was evident and possibly improved through layout rearrangement (and sometimes walls) of the office cubicle and computer desktop screens (identical in all cases). The element of ‘stimulating people interaction’ was present in this study because “people” made the participants most comfortable and uncomfortable in the working environment. Chapter 3 comprises of two studies. It is a comparison study of built environments with and without windows. The first study was a project for an office layout for two United States government entities sharing one large space. The project followed a participatory process and suggested design guidelines to divide the larger space into two smaller spaces. The new design provided the employees an outside view i.e. window, which gave them more control of the indoor temperature and increased ‘sensory variability’ with a view of the outdoors. The second study considered the effect of windows on creativity and comfort in a dance studio. Subjects gave their opinion (through a survey) regarding physical comfort and creativity in a room with windows and without windows. The element of ‘sensory variability’ was found in the dance studio (project two), with the variation of light or no natural light due to the windows or no windows. Chapter 4 concerns a study on aircraft interiors and the study of the influencing factors on comfort. Assessment of comfort used key words from the trip reports of 10,032 passengers, as well as a scale for the overall comfort of the flight duration. The lack of leg room was the factor influencing comfort the most, but service by flight attendants ‘people interaction’ was the second most important factor and also had a large effect on the comfort experienced by passengers. Chapter 5a shows the challenges of replicating an older control room design of the 90s in France into a new facility of 2016 in the USA. Ideally, a control room designed ergonomically for safety, usability, provides end-users the capability of system control and ‘being in control’. However, technological feasibility, budget, and space constraints made it difficult to implement an ergonomically ideal situation. Challenges included change in technology, cultural differences, new codes, regulations and standards. Additionally, noise, room and equipment, layout, workstations and temperature were dominated by the space constraints of an older design and older technology. Chapter 5b discusses a participatory design process applied to nine control rooms and includes the element of ‘being in control’ of the design of the built environment. A human factors specialist researched the expectations of a culturally and professionally diverse design team throughout a yearlong participatory design process. This participatory design process resulted in active participation as team members influenced and partly controlled the design process to provide a comfortable optimal working environment for control room operators, but the team struggled with space, cost constraints, and management to meet this goal. Chapter 6 focused on the importance of including ‘sensory variability’ for the interior design of healthcare waiting areas. A Feng Shui expert, using Feng Shui principles, designed one waiting area. The doctor using some Feng Shui principles and some western design principles designed another one and the third waiting area used only western design principles. The interior design effects on patient comfort were studied. 'Sensory variability’ is an important element in the Feng Shui design approach. The element of ‘sensory variability’ was most often present in the interior designed by the Feng Shui expert and showed the highest comfort level for the patients. Chapter 7 is a theoretical treatise on designing future control rooms and all three elements; ‘being in control’ of the environment, ‘stimulating people interaction’ and ‘sensory variability’ are discussed for a holistic design guideline process. The design process includes future solutions for heating, lighting, and other physical, psychological, and emotional environmental design aspects as well as, advancement in technology, automation and robotics, a multi-disciplined, multicultural, and human-centric collaborative workforce. The empirical data gathered in these case studies indicate that ‘being in control’, ‘stimulating people interaction’ and ‘sensory variability’ play a role in the appreciation and comfort of interior built environments. The participatory design cases and the windows case indicate the importance of ‘being in control’. Being involved in the interior design process increases comfort as it is part of one’s own action, but it also takes into account the purposed activities, which take place in the room. The office cases and the aircraft interior case demonstrate that the interaction with other people may be influential in creating comfort. Interior environments should be designed to ‘stimulate interactions between people’. The window view case and the Feng Shui waiting area study show the potential of paying attention to ‘sensory variability’ in the built environment. A built interior environment, which includes the three aforementioned elements, has a greater possibility of creating comfort, but more research is necessary to understand the principles and affirm the effects. This is a first step towards a holistic approach to comfort, utilizing eastern and western concepts, and ergonomic principles to create comfortable built environments. The goal is to go beyond the physiological and include the psychological, emotional, and socio-cultural aspects in a multi-discipline design process. Further research will help define specifically, which design approach of ‘being in control’, ‘stimulating people interaction’ and designing for ‘sensory variability’ is effective.

Netherlands from the imperialism time is the marine might country, all has in the imperialism time in Southeast Asia each place suitable colonizes the influence, the Dutch nationality's business dealing also creates immediately abundant and the for a while summit peak time. Bore the brunt in World War II has faced the aggression, and has faced the postwar economical revival question together with then European country, also has experienced the dreary year which the economical depression, the unemployment rate stayed at a high level, now, Netherlands actually is the world seventh big trade country, eighth big exports the country, and the competitive ability continuously five years placed the whole world fifth. Why can Netherlands achieve such international standing by its small country's weak condition, besides the international mutual cooperation, believed its domestic government encourages the policy the direction, all has the certain relations with enterprise group's management pattern, these all will be in the categories which the present paper must discuss. The present paper from the historical background, will discuss the Dutch itself condition and the foreign development pattern, and the affiliation will discuss its successful key aspect by its economical development height data. This Netherlands' economical development history narration will turn over to divide into three big stages, will distinguish in among take the time as the abscissa axis, the coordinate space home and the overseas development related variable, so as to will seek this to study the subject in the history the evolution vein, by will take the analysis the basis. The present paper is discusses the Dutch country by the time to the among them enterprise strategy change, studies the domestic enterprise pattern by the space the evolution and the analysis, and by the Dutch international ring (International Netherlands Group, ING) comes as the discussion example to take this article the elaboration center of gravity. Is discussing the Dutch enterprise the management pattern, by the small country management pattern, the organization internal structure discussion, how the enterprise foreign carries on buys and, as well as national and enterprise's interaction pattern. Any foreign enterprise arrive Netherlands, is for by no means Netherlands’ market, but is for the entire European market. Has the plan enterprise and buys develops the strategy trend which the enterprise develops. Finally by the ING group took the above material analysis the utilization and the research, and the union correlation academic theory, showed the Dutch economy development and the enterprise manage the pattern to adopt what kind of direction to reach the successful principle.

Café Space, Communication, Creativity, and Materialism

The number of coffee shops in Jatinangor continues to grow, both on a small and large scale, often even meeting several coffee shops in one location close to the same scale of business with a menu list that is more or less the same. This situation triggers business competition among the actors. This condition occurred in 2 coffee shops in Jatinangor namely Belike Coffee Shop and Balad Coffee Works. This study aims to explore the performance, potential and constraints of coffee shop business in the Belike Coffee Shop and Balad Coffee Works. The research sites chosen were 2 coffee shops in Jatinangor namely Belike Coffee and Balad Coffee Works which were selected purposively because they were coffee shops with relatively the same business scale and were in the same / adjacent areas. The research design used was qualitative research. Data was collected through interviews with a number of key informants and literature studies. The results revealed that Belike Coffee Shop and Balad Coffee Works both have a number of unique potentials in terms of product, location, facilities, equipment, human resources and competition. While the constraints faced by both two coffee shops including the price of coffee raw materials that have surged will affect the selling price of coffee, noise, the absence of parking spaces for four wheels, equipment that cannot work properly and fluctuations in sales.

This thesis aims to understand the mechanisms involved in pollen transport and deposition in cave environments and the influence of different factors on the composition of the pollen assemblage, with special reference to the problem of the Neanderthal ‘Flower burial’ at Shanidar Cave, Kurdish Iraq. Limited systematic taphonomic work has been done in cave environments, with most of the studies on an ad hoc basis. However, the number of interconnected factors acting on pollen transport, deposition and accumulation in this kind of environments implies that models used for open-air sites are inadequate and demonstrates the need for further taphonomic studies. Surface samples from six caves located in the Zagros Mountains of Kurdish Iraq were collected along front-back transects and outside for comparison in order to evaluate the distribution of anemophilous and entomophilous taxa in relation to the sample location. Additional surface samples were collected from Shanidar Cave along a side to side and perimeter transects to better evaluate the pollen distribution. Water, airfall and animal dung samples were also collected to investigate the influence of those factors in pollen transport. Finally, stratigraphic samples collected during the excavation at the site were analysed for pollen and for particle size distribution. Results show that simple sac-like caves with little or no influence of factors such as water, humans and animals are characterised by broadly predictable patterns of pollen distribution with a positive correlation between anemophilous pollen and vicinity to the cave entrance and entomophilous pollen and distance from the cave entrance. Caves with active biotic vectors and/or more complex geomorphology show instead more irregular patterns. Cave SLS203 presents an inverse anemophilous/entomophilous distribution that is likely to be related to its geomorphological complexity (a second entrance at the back of the cave influencing the air circulation) and to the presence of animals. Shanidar Cave presents a very irregular distribution which is likely to reflect a combination of factors such as the mixing of surface sediments caused by the tourists visiting the site, the pollen transported by animals and that moved by the wind. Other factors, such as water input and cave entrance flora, seem not to play an important role in ii Kurdish Iraq, while they appear to strongly influence pollen distribution in caves elsewhere (e.g. Coles, 1988; Simpson, 2006). The stratigraphic samples were sterile or contained few pollen grains, probably because the aeolian nature of the sediments, deposited during stadials, with low pollen deposition and high sediment influx. Finally, clumps of pollen of both anemophilous and entomophilous taxa have been found for different taxa in all the caves. Leroi-Gourhan (1975) had suggested that similar clumps found in the vicinity of Shanidar IV remains were evidence for burial with flowers but their presence on the surface demonstrates that they can occur naturally and that other explanations should be considered. Moreover, the high amount of Lactuceae and the presence of older pollen grains in her samples suggest a strong taphonomic imprint not necessarily resulting from anthropogenic activity.

The main objective of this thesis is to improve the understanding of the position and characteristics of karst conduits within a rock massif. Such a characterisation is an important issue in civil engineering and in hydrogeology. Today in practice dissolution voids are considered as random in most cases. However, it is obvious for karst researchers that dissolution void distribution is not random, but defined by parameters controlling the speleogenesis. We developed a method to analyse the 3D geometry of cave systems in order to demonstrate from a statistical point of view that karst conduits position is not random. The analysis of several among the largest cave systems in the World (more than 1500 km of analysed cave conduits) confirmed for the first time quantitatively that the development and position of karst conduits under phreatic conditions is strongly related to a restricted number of so called inception horizons. An inception horizon – a concept introduced by Lowe (1992) – is a part of a lithostratigraphic succession that is particularly susceptible to the effects of the earliest cave forming processes by virtue of physical, lithological or chemical deviation from the predominant carbonate facies within the formation. We demonstrate that probably less than 10 % of the existing bedding partings of a limestone sequence are inception horizons and guide more than 70 % of the phreatic conduits. Our analysis clearly confirms that the influence of these horizons onto the 3D geometry of cave systems is high. Based on the 3D analysis of cave systems as well as on field verifications, 18 inception horizons in six cave systems have been selected for field characterisation and sampling in order to identify the properties and processes that makes these particular lithostratigraphic horizons favourable to karstification. Around 200 rock samples from the horizons and the surrounding rock mass have been analysed. The results evidence that inception horizons have a thickness of some centimetres to decimetres and that it is possible to distinguish between 3 types of inception horizons: Inception horizons where the cave inception took place within the inception horizon (type 1); characterized by a slightly higher primary permeability, pyrite and quartz contents and lower matrix contents than the surrounding rock mass. Usually, fractures propagate through or occur within these horizons. Inception horizons where the cave inception took place at the contact with the inception horizon (type 2); characterized by a lower primary permeability and carbonate contents, but higher pyrite contents than the surrounding rock mass. Fractures usually are ending at these horizons. Inception horizons where the cave inception took place along bedding plane fractures (type 3); already a slippage of just a few millimetres, striation, brecciation and surface irregularities enhance openings along the sliding plane and cause a significant increase in permeability. Furthermore it can be assumed that for the inception of horizons of type 1 the primary permeability will be the relevant factor at beginning of karstification, whereas both the matrix and the pyrite contents are the key factors during the later phases of cave inception and gestation. Whereas for further cave development the total carbonate content will be crucial. For inception horizons of type 2, we can assume that the low primary permeability, the clogging of the pores by the clay minerals, the high content of pyrite (production of aggressive solutions within the horizon that concentrates the dissolution along the contact to the surrounding rock) and the ending of the fractures at the horizon are responsible for the enhanced karstification at the contact during cave inception and gestation phases. Using simple hydrogeological numerical modelling we show that an epigenic karstic rock massif can be subdivided into four speleogenetic zones: 1) vadose cave development zone above the water table, 2) the phreatic cave development and 3) gestation zone within the first tens of metres of the phreatic zone and 4) below them the inception zone. Each of these zones is characterized by typical speleogenetic processes as well as dissolution void distribution. Further, it was possible to explain and reproduce schematically the 3D pattern of different cave systems by using the position and orientation of the inception horizons and the history of the landscape evolution (i.e. the re- and discharge area). This forward analysis provides a first idea of the geometry of the conduits as well as a better understanding of the development of a karst system in time and space (vertical section). Finally, we evaluated the feasibility to combine the improved inception horizon hypothesis, to predict inception horizons, with other current applied methods to improve the prediction of dissolution voids. Furthermore, we proposed a scientific based risk assessment for underground engineering proposes. Essentially, it is now evidenced that it is possible to quantify the probability of karst occurrences inside a karst massif by reconstructing the hydrogeolgical history and identifying the few inception horizons that guide the karstification at a regional scale.

Abstrak- Bentuk fasilitas rekreasi, relaksasi dan hiburan berupa restoran dan café terus berkembang pesat dengan inovasi tanpa henti. Aspek ini terus berkembang untuk memenuhi permintaan gaya hidup masyarakat yang semakin konsumtif sebagai akibat dari perkembangan zaman tanpa henti ke arah yang semakin modern. Era globalisasi ini pun menggiring masyarakat pada perkembangan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi yang berdampak pada kehidupan sosial masyarakat. Gaya hidup kemudian menjadi identitas dari masing-masing individu yang dianggap sebagai kunci dari kehidupan sosial mereka melalui media sosial. Maka dari itu arsitektur didalam dunia kuliner diharapkan dapat menjadi daya tarik bagi pengunjung agar kemudian dapat diunggah dalam media sosial mereka.Inovasi yang dihadirkan oleh Atmosphere Resort Café adalah adanya pensuasanaan resort pada café-nya yang berlokasi di kawasan pusat Kota Bandung, Jalan Lengkong Besar. Kawasan ini merupakan kawasan perdagangan dan perumahan padat, dan merupakan jalan utama dengan satu arah pada kawasan setempat. Pihak Atmosphere Resort Café berharap dapat menghadirkan pensuasanaan yang berbeda di kawasan pusat kota ini melalui konsep resort café-nya, juga untuk menjadi berbeda dari café-café lain.Lokasinya yang berada di pusat kota menjadi sebuah tantangan tersendiri untuk dapat menghadirkan pensuasanaan resort yang pada umumnya ditemukan di kawasan pinggiran kota, jauh dari pusat kota itu sendiri. Maka bagaimana sense of place dengan karakter resort dapat diterapkan di kawasan pusat Kota Bandung sehingga menjadi sebuah oase menjadi menarik untuk dibahas. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk dapat mengetahui karakter tempat seperti apakah yang dimiliki Atmosphere Resort Café melalui analisis sense of place dengan karakter resort, serta dampaknya bagi para pengunjung atau pengguna.Metode yang digunakan berupa pendekatan kualitatif dengan cara menguraikan konteks kawasan dan karakter resor, serta menguraikan komponen sense of place yaitu setting pada tatanan fisiknya dan pengguna untuk memahami reaksi psikologis yang terjadi. Setting pada tatanan fisiknya mencakup identitas dan faktor fisik, sedangkan pengguna mencakup kualitas yang dirasakan terhadap setting yang ada. Pengambilan data dilakukan melalui peninajuan lapangan, studi pustaka, wawancara, pengumpulan kuesioner sebagai respon pengunjung dan dokumentasi.Diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa karakter resort pada kawasan pusat kota ini diperkuat dengan adanya arsitektur lanskap sebagai salah satu elemen utama Atmosphere Resort Café. Selain itu tatanan massa dan spasialitas ruang yang ada, ditunjang dengan penggunaan materialnya yang memperkuat cerminan alam, membuat pensuasanaan resort semakin terasa dan pensuasanaan pusat kota yang hiruk pikuk dimatikan melalui kontrol ruang yang diciptakan. Setting yang ada pun berhasil merangsang kesadaran dan persepsi pengunjung. Pengunjung pun merasa senang dan relaks saat berada di Atmosphere Resort Café dengan adanya pensuasanaan yang demikian. Maka didapati karakter tempat Atmosphere Resort Café sebagai sebuah resort café yang memperkuat identitasnya sebagai oase di pusat kota Bandung.

A Study of The Impacts of Leadership Styles, Organizational Innovation, Organizational Commit, Job Satisfaction on Job Performance－A Case Study of Chailease Finance Co., Ltd. Te-Lung Sheng Huei-Ting Tsai Executive Master of Business Administration SUMMARY Recently, leasing industry has triggered a vigorous growth with the development of economy. Although it have be subjected to the economic shock for the past few years, leasing industry has a slightly increment, so we can find that leasing industry has become an important role in financial circle. Comparing with foreign and internal market, we can find that the internal leasing industry still has its space of development. In leasing industry, the employees have become a major indicator. With the keen competition of internal leasing industry, whether leadership styles, organizational innovation, organization commit, job satisfaction can promote the leasing employees to create more profit and performance for company? This is what the issue we want to discuss. This research discuss the leasing industry employees, and take the employees in Chailease Finance Co., Ltd. as the objects of a questionnaire survey. The results are as follows: 1. The leadership styles, organizational innovation, organizational commit, job satisfaction and job performance of leasing industry employees are partially related to employees’ personal characters. 2. The leadership styles, organizational innovation, organizational commit, job satisfaction and job performance of leasing industry employees have a partial relationship. 3. The leadership styles, organizational innovation, organizational commit and job satisfaction of leasing industry employees have a partial impact on job performance. Keywords: Leadership styles, Organizational Innovation, Organizational Commit, Job Satisfaction, Job Performance. INTRODUCTION Background Leasing industry that has rising in 1950 is a new type of financing method, and has the dual functions of leasing-assets and financing, and provides a greatest help to small and medium enterprises development. So leasing industry can give financial assistance flexibly and make proper products carefully to small and medium enterprises. A lot of large enterprises in Taiwan had been support by leasing industry in developing process, and then promotes to the international famous position presently. Leasing industry wishes to provide more diversified financing services with continuously organizational integration. In the organizational integrating process, whether the influence of leadership style to leasing industry employees has react with job performance is the first purpose of this study. Leasing industry makes continuously progress on organizational planning and personal training, and promotes increasingly on quality and efficiency, and grows up obviously in economical scope. Whether the influence of organizational innovation to leasing industry employees has react with job performance is the second purpose to this study. In order to accommodate to the development of the world, leasing industry is going along internationally. Whether the influence of organizational commit to leasing industry employees has react with job performance is the third purpose to this study. Whether the influence of job satisfaction to leasing industry employees has react with job performance is the fourth purpose to this study. In leasing industry, whether the difference of personal characteristics has react with job performance is the fifth purpose to this study. Integrating literature reviews of this study, leadership style has positive relation with different aspects in different industries and environment. This study adopts the view of Bass（1985）, and discusses the relationship of leadership style and job performance in leasing industry. Organizational commit has positive relationship with job performance in different enterprises, this study integrates literature views to discuss the relationship of organizational commit and job performance. In many different researches, we can find that organizational innovation has positive relationship with different aspects, so this study wishes to discuss the relationship of organization innovation and job performance. In many literature reviews, job satisfaction plays an important role between individual and organization, this study wishes to discuss the relationship with job satisfaction and job performance. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study mainly discuss the relationship between leadership style, organizational innovation, organizational commit, job satisfaction and job performance. By analyzing relative literature reviews and questionnaire survey, we can comprehend the relationship between each aspects and study subject. According to relative studies and literature reviews, this study brings up following hypotheses. Whether different personal characteristics have significant relationship between leadership style, organizational innovation, organizational commit, job satisfaction, and job performance. Whether the relationship is significant between leadership style, organizational innovation, organizational commit, job ratification, and job performance. Whether the sub aspect of leadership style, organizational innovation, organizational commit, job satisfaction, and job performance is significant relative with job performance. This study mainly discuss the relationship between leadership, organizational innovation, organizational commit, job satisfaction, and job performance, and takes the employees in Chailease Finance Co., Ltd. As sampling objects. SPSS is implemented as a statistical analysis software in this study, and is used to proceed to analyze with descriptive statistics, analysis of reliability, factor analysis, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The main purpose of this study is to measure the relationship between leadership style, organizational innovation, organizational commit, job satisfaction, and job performance. We induce the results as follows: 1.Different characteristics are partially relative to leadership style, organizational innovation, organizational commit, job satisfaction, and job performance. 2. Leadership style, organizational innovation, organizational commit, job satisfaction, and job performance are partially relative to each other. 3. Leadership style, organizational innovation, organizational commit, and job satisfaction have the partially effect on job performance. We can find that leadership style plays an important role in leasing industry and has a great effect on trust relationship between employees and superintendents. The identification of employees to superintendents can promote substantially on job performance, and hasten employees identify himself to enterprise culture to heave performance. Form this study, organizational planning innovation and human resource innovation are significant relative to job performance. It places importance on personal training in leasing industry, personal training takes an important part in organization. The company will appoint lecturers to give lessons, and even invites external lectures to teach professional courses to increase membership specialty. The identification to organization members is very important. The more organizational commit means organizational members identify themselves highly to organizational goal. The capability of leasing industry employees is affected by job satisfaction. In order to encourage organizational members, it is raised in compensation system and promotion system every year, and excites members to achieve the goal and pursue remarkable. This study mainly takes employees in Chailease Finance Co., Ltd as objects, it can be extended to other leasing companies or abroad employees. In questionnaire design, it can take different parts like superintendent and non-superintendent. It can added other aspects to discuss the relationship between different variances.

Danxia landform is defined as a kind of landform made up of non-marine red clastic rock and characterized by red walls and red cliffs.Flat top,steep face and gentle piedmont are the most typical geometrical features of it.Northwest is one of the regions in China where Danxia landforms concentrate.The Danxia landforms are mostly distributed in the narrow strip area;around Longshan Mountains,the valleys of the Yellow River and the Huangshui River,Hexi Corridor and the south of the Tianshan Mountains.The main line of the Silk Road is just along these areas.Because of this,the Buddhism was introduced to China and spread along the Silk Road,so there are numerous Buddhism grottoes.In the west of China,almost all of the Buddhism grottoes are located on the Danxia landforms,so it is certain that there exists a relation between the Buddhism was grotto and Danxia landform along the Silk Road.This paper firstly describes the routes,along which Buddhism was introduced into China.According to the difference of the landscape and lithology in northwest,the paper divides the study area into six sub-areas.They are the areas along the north route of the Silk Rout,Hexi Corridor,the valleys of Yellow River and Huangshui River,the areas to the east of Longshan Mountain,Binxian of Shaanxi Province,and Dunhuang area.They are all the areas where Danxia landforms concentrate,excluding Dunhuang area.The paper discusses the Buddhism grottoes located in these areas respectively,comparing the difference of the grottoes' distribution,structure and style.In addition,it discusses the environment of each area.Based on the discussion it analyses the relation between the grottoes and Danxia landforms.It is held that the characteristic of the Danxia landforms is the basis for the grotto excavating.The red color is in favor of the Buddhism grottoes and the lithology make people cave easily.Therefore,the Danxia landforms are the best choice to cave grottoes and almost all the grottoes along the Silk Rout are located in these areas.If there is no Danxia landform there would be no grotto or no stone statue,for example the southern part of the Silk Road and Dunhuang area.Because of difference of rock character and the environment,each grotto has its own structure and style.Of course,the style of the grottoes and the statues on Danxia landforms differ from those on non-Danxia landforms,even they are all on the Danxia landforms they are different,for some kinds of rock are fit to cave subtly,some are fit to shape statues and others only fit to paint fresco.Therefore,the paper thinks the difference of the rock character is the most important factor controlling the grottoes' structure and style.Finally the paper compares the Buddhism grottoes of the Danxia landforms and of other landforms,such as karst landforms.Although the karst landforms are widely used for cutting grottoes and carving status,comparing to Danxia landform it has disadvantage.Based on the above,the paper concludes that the Danxia landforms are the best choice for Buddhism grottoes and the most important natural conditions that control the grottoes distributing structure and style.The grottoes in the Danxia landforms along the Silk Road integrate with nature,history and art perfectly.

Caves form a major element in both scientific and literary writing in the long eighteenth century and function as a crucial part in the transformation of the perception of wild mountain landscapes. Despite this, the role of caves has been critically neglected. This thesis re-examines the writing of this period to uncover the place and importance of caves. From readings of the catastrophic biblical flood, where caves enabled the flood waters to rise and fall from within the Earth, to a far-reaching synthesis of laboratory and fieldwork experiments into the chemical dissolution of limestone, caves attracted wide-spread scientific and cultural appreciation. The role of water in the formation of limestone caves has been the basis for all theories; the major discoveries and advances in knowledge are in how water forms them. Fused with these discoveries, reworkings of mythical descent narratives in poetry, novels and travel journals led to the evolution of a sub-genre in eighteenth-century literature and nascent ideas of the subconscious. The archetypal form of the classical descent narrative is based on the transformative experience of a descent underground and a return to the surface, and this framed the discourses that represented caves and the experiences of descending them, whether they were tangible or imagined. The changing perception of caves was an influence in many scientific and cultural fields, including: knowledge of earth science and the eventual specialization of geology with the assistance of chemistry, the debates over the meaning of nature and god, the development of aesthetic theories and their application to the landscape, and the growth of domestic travel and tourism. The genres of natural philosophy, poetry, prose fiction and travel writing formed the representational discourse of caves through a remarkable degree of dialogue and intertextuality. Those who wrote in this genre blended the causal and the aesthetic understanding of subterranean space before subject specialization would divide them. The representations, instabilities and transformations of this strange subterranean environment are principally illustrated in the writings of John Hutton and William Wordsworth at the end of the long eighteenth century. Their pivotal writings absorbed the material that preceded them and shaped it for the scientific and literary writers that followed. They formed the field of cave and karst science and established the cave as the central metaphor for the creative imagination.

This study aims to find out about the existence and strategy of coffee shops in Kendari City. This research uses the adaptation strategy theory by J.W Bennet. The method of this study is the ethnographic method. Collecting data is observation and in-depth interviews. Analysis data is analyzed descriptive qualitative. The results of the study show that doing a culinary business in Kendari City is a very promising business option. One of them is a coffee shop business that turned out to be able to generate substantial profits even though it only issued a capital that was not too large. The popularity of coffee shops today is also supported by the lifestyle of urban people who are very fond of spending their free time in a coffee shop for various reasons for visiting. Some strategies used by coffee shop entrepreneurs in maintaining the existence of their businesses such as (a) providing good facilities and services; (b) determination of the location of the coffee shop business; (c) determine affordable menu prices.

Eye regression occurs across cave-dwelling populations of many species and is often coupled with a decrease or loss in eye function. Teleost fishes are among the few vertebrates to undergo widespread colonization of caves and often exhibit eye regression with blindness. Cave populations of the poeciliid fish Poecilia mexicana (cave molly) exhibit reduced—albeit functional—eyes, offering the opportunity to investigate partial eye regression. We sequenced eye transcriptomes of cave and surface populations of P. mexicana to identify differentially expressed genes that potentially underlie eye regression in cave mollies. We identified 28 significantly differentially expressed genes, 20 of which were directly related to light sensitivity, eye structure and visual signalling. Twenty-six of these genes were downregulated in cave compared to surface populations. Functional enrichment analysis revealed eye-related gene ontologies that were under-represented in cave mollies. In addition, a set of co-expressed genes related to vision and circadian rhythm was correlated with habitat type (cave versus surface). Our study suggests that differential gene expression plays a key role in the beginning evolutionary stages of eye regression in P. mexicana, shedding further light on regressive evolution in cavefish.