Abstract
BackgroundSustainable Development Goal (SDG) 5 prioritizes women’s empowerment and gender equality, alone and as drivers of other SDGs. Efforts to validate universal measures of women’s empowerment have eclipsed efforts to develop refined measures in local contexts and lifecycle stages. Measures of women’s empowerment across the reproductive lifecycle remain limited, including in the Arab Middle East.MethodsIn this sequential, mixed-methods study, we developed and validated the Reproductive Agency Scale 17 (RAS-17) in 684 women having a normal pregnancy and receiving prenatal care at Hamad Medical Corporation in Doha, Qatar. Participants varied in age (19–46 years), trimester, gravidity (M3.3[SD2.1], range 1–14), and parity (M2.1[SD1.5], range 0–7). Using qualitative research and questionnaire reviews, we developed 44 pregnancy-specific and non-pregnancy-specific agency items. We performed exploratory then confirmatory factor analyses (EFA/CFA) in random split-half samples and multiple-group CFA to assess measurement invariance of the scale across Qatari (n = 260) and non-Qatari Arab (n = 342) women.ResultsNon-Qatari women agreed more strongly than Qatari women that every woman should have university education, and working outside home benefitted women. Qatari women agreed more strongly than non-Qatari women that a woman should be free to sell her property. Qatari women reported more influence than non-Qatari women in decisions about spending their money (M4.6 versus M4.4), food they can eat (M4.4 versus M4.2), and rest during pregnancy (M4.5 versus M4.2). Qatari and non-Qatari women typically reported going most places with permission if accompanied. A 17-item, three-factor model measuring women’s intrinsic agency or awareness of economic rights (5 items) and instrumental agency in decision-making (5 items) and freedom of movement (7 items) had good fit and was partially invariant across groups.ConclusionsThe RAS-17 is a contextual, multidimensional measure of women’s reproductive agency validated in pregnant Qatari and non-Qatari Arab women. This scale integrates pregnancy-specific and non-pregnancy-specific items in dimensions of intrinsic agency and instrumental agency relevant to Arab women of reproductive age. The RAS-17 may be useful to screen for low reproductive agency as a predictor of maternal and perinatal outcomes. The RAS-17 should be validated in other samples to assess its full applicability across the reproductive life cycle.
Highlights
Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 5 prioritizes women’s empowerment and gender equality, alone and as drivers of other Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
The Reproductive Agency Scale (RAS)-17 may be useful to screen for low reproductive agency as a predictor of maternal and perinatal outcomes
The Reproductive Agency Scale 17 (RAS-17) should be validated in other samples to assess its full applicability across the reproductive life cycle
Summary
Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 5 prioritizes women’s empowerment and gender equality, alone and as drivers of other SDGs. A woman-centred approach to health and empowerment was embedded in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Global Strategy for Women’s, Children’s and Adolescents’ Health (2016–2030), and framework for the WHO Maternal Morbidity Working Group [1, 3, 4]. A growing body of evidence suggests that women’s empowerment influences other SDGs [5], including outcomes related to women’s sexual and reproductive health (SRH) [6,7,8,9,10]. These relationships, may vary across contexts, SRH outcomes, and dimensions of women’s empowerment [10,11,12]. Instrumental agency involves strategic action to pursue one’s aspirations; and collective agency involves the identification of group goals and joint actions to pursue those goals [18]
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