The reproductive activity in the testis of Podarcis s. sicula involves d-aspartic acid: A study on c-kit receptor protein, tyrosine kinase activity and PCNA protein during annual sexual cycle

Abstract

The current study provides substantial evidence that the pattern of synthesis of d-aspartic acid ( d-Asp) in the testes of lizard Podarcis s. sicula throughout the reproductive cycle is in parallel with seasonal variations of testosterone, c-kit receptor protein, tyrosine kinase activity, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) protein. Although the trend is the same in all phases of the sexual cycle, the peaks of these three molecules are detectable only during the reproductive period. Using Western blot technique, we demonstrated that both polyclonal c-kit and PCNA antibodies specifically recognized bands with molecular mass of ∼150 and ∼36 kDa, respectively. By immunocytochemical methods, d-Asp immunopositivity appeared spread in the germinal epithelium as well as in the interstitial compartment of the testes. We also found specific c-kit labeling in I and II spermatogonia (SPG), in I and II spermatocytes (SPC), in the elongated spermatides, in spermatozoa, in Sertoli and Leydig cells. Like c-kit, PCNA positivity was located in the germinal epithelium pattern. Furthermore, we investigated the relationship between testosterone, c-kit receptor, tyrosine kinases activity and PCNA following treatment with d-Asp. In vivo experiments, entailing a single injection of d-Asp (2.0 μmol/g body weight), demonstrated that this amino acid significantly accumulated in the testes. After 3 h, its uptake was accompanied by an increase in testosterone levels and in the expression and intensity of immunostaining of c-kit receptor protein. Furthermore, at 6 h, exogenous d-Asp affected the phosphorylation of tyrosine kinases, whose activation was positively correlated with the temporal uptake of both d-Asp and testosterone detected in the testes. Thereafter, between 6 and 15 h, the expression of PCNA was induced and an increase in its immunolabeling intensity was observed. Taken all together, these results provide new insights into the testicular activity during the reproductive cycle of Podarcis s. sicula, suggesting that a sequential cascade of a functional relationship between testosterone levels, c-kit receptor protein, tyrosine kinase activity and PCNA could be partly mediated by d-aspartic acid.