The renaissance of Ca2+-binding proteins in the nervous system: secretagogin takes center stage

Abstract

Effective control of the Ca2+ homeostasis in any living cell is paramount to coordinate some of the most essential physiological processes, including cell division, morphological differentiation, and intercellular communication. Therefore, effective homeostatic mechanisms have evolved to maintain the intracellular Ca2+ concentration at physiologically adequate levels, as well as to regulate the spatial and temporal dynamics of Ca2+signaling at subcellular resolution. Members of the superfamily of EF-hand Ca2+-binding proteins are effective to either attenuate intracellular Ca2+ transients as stochiometric buffers or function as Ca2+ sensors whose conformational change upon Ca2+ binding triggers protein–protein interactions, leading to cell state-specific intracellular signaling events. In the central nervous system, some EF-hand Ca2+-binding proteins are restricted to specific subtypes of neurons or glia, with their expression under developmental and/or metabolic control. Therefore, Ca2+-binding proteins are widely used as molecular markers of cell identity whilst also predicting excitability and neurotransmitter release profiles in response to electrical stimuli. Secretagogin is a novel member of the group of EF-hand Ca2+-binding proteins whose expression precedes that of many other Ca2+-binding proteins in postmitotic, migratory neurons in the embryonic nervous system. Secretagogin expression persists during neurogenesis in the adult brain, yet becomes confined to regionalized subsets of differentiated neurons in the adult central and peripheral nervous and neuroendocrine systems. Secretagogin may be implicated in the control of neuronal turnover and differentiation, particularly since it is re-expressed in neoplastic brain and endocrine tumors and modulates cell proliferation in vitro. Alternatively, and since secretagogin can bind to SNARE proteins, it might function as a Ca2+ sensor/coincidence detector modulating vesicular exocytosis of neurotransmitters, neuropeptides or hormones. Thus, secretagogin emerges as a functionally multifaceted Ca2+-binding protein whose molecular characterization can unravel a new and fundamental dimension of Ca2+signaling under physiological and disease conditions in the nervous system and beyond.