Abstract
In this study, we explored the adsorption potential of biochar derived from palm kernel shell (BC-PKS) as an affordable adsorbent for the removal of crystal violet from wastewater. Kinetics, equilibrium, and thermodynamics studies were carried out to evaluate the adsorption of crystal violet onto BC-PKS. The kinetics adsorption process followed the pseudo-second-order model, indicating that the rate of adsorption is principally controlled by chemisorption. The adsorption equilibrium data were better fitted by the Langmuir isotherm model with a determination coefficient of 0.954 and a maximum adsorption of 24.45 mg/g. Thermodynamics studies found the adsorption of crystal violet by BC-PKS to be endothermic with increasing randomness at the BC-PKS/crystal violet interface. The percentage removal and adsorption capacity increased with the pH of the solution, as the negative charges on the biochar surface at high pH enhance the electrostatic attraction between crystal violet molecules and BC-PKS. Increasing the BC-PKS dosage from 0.1 to 1.0 g increased percent removal and decreased the adsorption capacity of crystal violet onto BC-PKS. Therefore, biochar from agricultural by-products, i.e., palm kernel shell, can be cost-effective adsorbents for the removal of crystal violet from textile wastewater.
Highlights
Wastewater from paper, textile, cosmetics, food processing, and plastic producing industries contain various kinds of organic and harmful substances such as dyes [1]
The feasibility of the agricultural by-product palm kernel shell (PKS) for removing crystal violet (CV) from textile wastewater was investigated in this study
Kinetic studies revealed that chemisorption is the key limiting factor for the rate of CV adsorption
Summary
Wastewater from paper, textile, cosmetics, food processing, and plastic producing industries contain various kinds of organic and harmful substances such as dyes [1]. Dyes such as crystal violet (CV) are composed of many functional groups that are stable and difficult to decompose because of their aromatic nature [2,3]. CV is used for making black and blue inks in ball-point pens and in printer ink jet manufacturing industrials [4]. Pharmaceuticals, leather, detergents, fertilizers, varnish, and waxes are manufactured from CV [5,6,7].
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