Abstract
The paper extends the literature on grade repetition in Brazil by (a) describing and synthesizing the main research findings and contributions since 1940, (b) enlarging the understanding of the inequity mechanism in education, and (c) providing new findings on the effects of the school socioeconomic composition and school proportion of repeaters on the individual probability of grade repetition. Based on the analyses of empirical distributions and multilevel logistic modelling of PISA 2012 data, the findings indicate that higher student socioeconomic status is associated with lower probability of repetition, there is a cumulative risk of repetition after an early repetition, the school socioeconomic composition is strongly correlated with the school proportion of repeaters, and both are related to the individual probability of repetition. The results suggest the existence of a pattern that cumulatively reinforces the effects of social disadvantage, in which the school plays a central role.
Highlights
Grade repetition is the practice of requiring a student who has been in a given grade level for a school year to continue at that level for another year
We demonstrated the association between the students’ socioeconomic status and the probability of grade repetition, that there is a cumulative risk of future repetition after an early repetition
All of these results are associated with one another and suggest a pattern that reinforces the cumulative effects of social disadvantage
Summary
Grade repetition is the practice of requiring a student who has been in a given grade level for a school year to continue at that level for another year. Descriptive analyses of the SAEB data showed a considerable percentage of 4th grade students who reported that they had already repeated one or more times over their very short schooling trajectory.
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
