Abstract
Pharmacogenomic biomarkers can optimize the therapy for an individual patient; however, the overall role of genetic factors in drug response remains uncertain. The majority of genetic variants currently used as clinical pharmacogenomic biomarkers affect drug metabolism and transport, but fewer biomarkers accurately predict drug response (pharmacodynamics). This article evaluates heritable aspects of drug therapy, highlighting gene–gene–environment interactions, in light of recent human evolution. These concepts are critical to the development of new drug therapies and biomarkers tests. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2012); 92 4, 428–430. doi:10.1038/clpt.2012.116
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