The relativity of positive deviance: The case of the French Impressionists

Abstract

Labeling theory has traditionally been applied to negative deviance; nevertheless, this paper addresses the relationship of labeling theory to positive deviance. As is the case with negative deviance, actions or behaviors that are defined as positive deviance vary over time, across societies, and within societies. Positive deviants can become negative deviants and negative deviants can become positive deviants. To substantiate this process, the labeling of the French Impressionists is presented. The French Impressionists were collectively designated to be negative deviants and then later elevated to a positive deviant status. Consequently, labeling theory can be applied to elucidate the nature of positive deviance. Positive deviance and negative deviance are similar.