Abstract
As a puzzling feature of nature, biological systems possess several aspects of autonomy including self-organization, self-replication, self-fueling, and self-regulation. It is initially difficult to accept the idea that each living creature is merely a chemical system. Yet, scientifically, biological systems are mainly composed of four natural chemical element, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Considering that biological systems are highly connected to the other inanimate elements in nature, several challenging questions remain to be answered; What are the regulatory mechanisms behind the autonomous properties of biological systems that distinguish them from inanimate elements and non-living systems in nature? Can we explain all autonomous properties of biological systems applying the currently defined natural laws of physics and chemistry?
Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
