Abstract
The common use of average values based on measurements of a small sample of specimens in ceramic research is pointed out. The principal errors to which such averages are subject are described and the need for a method for proportioning sampling errors and errors of measurement shown. An equation giving the relation between sampling errors and errors of measurement is derived by expression of factors involved in statistical terms and combination of well-known statistical equations. This equation is used for constructing a chart by means of which questions involving sampling errors and errors of measurement can be readily solved. This chart also enables one to visualize the roles played by sampling errors and errors of measurement in determining the accuracy of an average. The general applicability of the method is pointed out and its theoretical limitations are discussed.
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