The relative impact of evolving pleiotropy and mutational correlation on trait divergence

Abstract

Abstract Both pleiotropic connectivity and mutational correlations can restrict the divergence of traits under directional selection, but it is unknown which is more important in trait evolution. In order to address this question, we create a model that permits within-population variation in both pleiotropic connectivity and mutational correlation, and compare their relative importance to trait evolution. Specifically, we developed an individual-based, stochastic model where mutations can affect whether a locus affects a trait and the extent of mutational correlations in a population. We find that traits can diverge whether there is evolution in pleiotropic connectivity or mutational correlation but when both can evolve then evolution in pleiotropic connectivity is more likely to allow for divergence to occur. The most common genotype found in this case is characterized by having one locus that maintains connectivity to all traits and another that loses connectivity to the traits under stabilizing selection (subfunctionalization). This genotype is favoured because it allows the subfunctionalized locus to accumulate greater effect size alleles, contributing to increasingly divergent trait values in the traits under directional selection without changing the trait values of the other traits (genetic modularization). These results provide evidence that partial subfunctionalization of pleiotropic loci may be a common mechanism of trait divergence under regimes of corridor selection.