Abstract
Recent research has demonstrated that landscape design intensity impacts individuals’ landscape preferences, which may influence their eye movement. Due to the close relationship between restorativeness and landscape preference, we further explore the relationships between design intensity, preference, restorativeness and eye movements. Specifically, using manipulated images as stimuli for 200 students as participants, the effect of urban green space (UGS) design intensity on landscapes’ preference, restorativeness, and eye movement was examined. The results demonstrate that landscape design intensity could contribute to preference and restorativeness and that there is a significant positive relationship between design intensity and eye-tracking metrics, including dwell time percent, fixation percent, fixation count, and visited ranking. Additionally, preference was positively related to restorativeness, dwell time percent, fixation percent, and fixation count, and there is a significant positive relationship between restorativeness and fixation percent. We obtained the most feasible regression equations between design intensity and preference, restorativeness, and eye movement. These results provide a set of guidelines for improving UGS design to achieve its greatest restorative potential and shed new light on the use of eye-tracking technology in landscape perception studies.
Highlights
55% of the world’s population lives in cities, and with the progressive urbanization this number is supposed to increase to 70% by 2050 [1]
This study has introduced the concept of design intensity and examined the association between design intensity, landscape preference, and perceived landscape restorativeness, and assessing eye-tracking metrics based on manipulating images
The results demonstrated that landscape design intensity could positively contribute to preference and restorativeness, as well as eye-tracking metrics, including dwell time percent, fixation percent, fixation count, and visited ranking; this generally supports previous arguments that participants’ preference generally increases with higher landscape complexity
Summary
55% of the world’s population lives in cities, and with the progressive urbanization this number is supposed to increase to 70% by 2050 [1]. As more and more people come to live in urban areas, the quality and sustainability of urban living environments become more and more important, and the topic has caught much attention. This is especially true in China, which is a rapidly developing country in which hundreds of thousands of people move into urban areas every year. It is widely known that urban green space (UGS) plays a vital role in strengthening urban biodiversity and sustainability [4,5,6]. UGS can make urban ecosystems more sustainable (by providing oxygen, maintaining water and soil, reducing heat island effects, etc.) and contribute directly to human health [7]. UGS is perceived as a place with the
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