Abstract
This study’s objective was to describe the relationship between the main risk factors for oral cancer, including tobacco (in the form of cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (SLT), secondhand smoking (SS)), alcohol, and betel quid (BQ), and the occurrence of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs). A community-based case-control study was conducted with a population of 1448 adults aged 40 years or above in northeastern Thailand. Patients aged 60 years or above (OR 1.79, p < 0.001) and female patients (OR 2.17, p < 0.001) had a significant chance of having OPMDs. Our multivariate analysis showed that the most potent risk factor for OPMDs occurrence was betel quid (BQ) (adjusted OR 4.65, p < 0.001), followed by alcohol (OR 3.40, p < 0.001). Even former users were at risk of developing OPMDs. The synergistic effect between these main risk factors was significantly shown in the group exposed to SLT, SS, BQ, and alcohol. The most potent synergistic effect was found in the group exposed to SLT, BQ and alcohol with the OR = 20.96.
Highlights
The aim of the study was to evaluate the relationship between the main risk factors for oral cancer, including tobacco (in the form of a cigarette, smokeless tobacco (SLT), secondhand smoking (SS)), alcohol, and betel quid (BQ), as well as their synergistic effects, and the occurrence of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs)
This study proved a strong association of the main risk factors to the occurrence of Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) in all exposure characteristics, especially in the case of those exposed to combined risk factors
Direct exposure to tobacco products, BQ, and alcohol is associated with the occurrence of OPMDs
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Oral cancer was ranked 16th among the 36 cancers in 2018. It was one of the leading causes of death worldwide, with 177,384 deaths and an estimated 354,864 new cases [1]. A study conducted in Thailand in 2013 found that the female population in the area chew betel nuts, smoke, and drink alcohol. Betel quid (BQ) chewing was a significant risk factor for the development of oral cancer within that geographical region [2]
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