Abstract
Wind induced pressures on buildings are the product of a velocity pressure and a pressure coefficient. The way in which these two quantities are calculated has changed over the years, and Design Codes have been modified accordingly. This paper tracks the evolution of the approach to wind loading of buildings from the practice in the 1950s, mainly referring to the Swiss Code SIA, to the most recent advances including probabilistic methods, internet databases, and advanced modelling of meteorological phenomena.
Highlights
IntroductionThe action exerted by the wind on a body is proportional to the wind velocity pressure through an aerodynamic coefficient, accounting for the way in which the body interacts with the flow
Relationship between Wind Pressure and Pressure Coefficients for the Broadly speaking, the action exerted by the wind on a body is proportional to the wind velocity pressure through an aerodynamic coefficient, accounting for the way in which the body interacts with the flow
For more than 50 years civil and aeronautical aerodynamics, though differing from each other, were investigated in the same experimental facilities as it had not yet been recognized that the flow encountered by aircraft flying at hundreds or thousands of meters of height is quite different from that hitting ground-based Civil constructions
Summary
The action exerted by the wind on a body is proportional to the wind velocity pressure through an aerodynamic coefficient, accounting for the way in which the body interacts with the flow. In the ideal case in which the flow is laminar and the body is streamlined, the surface pressure can be expressed as: Definition of Wind Loads on w = q·c. Where q = 0.5ρv is the velocity pressure, and c = c( M) is the pressure coefficient, depending on the location M where pressure is measured This is not quite the case for Civil construction in general and for buildings in particular. The bluff shape causes flow separation, generating additional turbulence to the oncoming one, the so-called signature turbulence, whose characteristics are related to the aerodynamics of the building and to a lesser extent to the characteristics of the oncoming wind. Combination of the three aspects above makes Equation (1) the general expression of a physical law, yet unable to alone give a quantitative definition of the load. For use of designers making their way through Codes of Practice, the meaning and use of Code equations are explained
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