Abstract
BackgroundExercise training lowers blood pressure (BP), while BP increases and returns to pre-training values with detraining. Yet, there is considerable variability in these BP responses. We examined the relationship between the BP responses after 6 months of training followed by 2 weeks of detraining among the same people.Methodology/Principal FindingsSubjects (n = 75) (X+SD, 50.2±10.6 yr) were sedentary, obese, and had prehypertension. They completed an aerobic (n = 34); resistance (n = 28); or aerobic + resistance or concurrent (n = 13) exercise training program. We calculated a metabolic syndrome z score (MetSz). Subjects were classified as BP responders (BP decreased) or non-responders (BP increased) to training and detraining. Linear and multivariable regression tested the BP response. Chi Square tested the frequency of responders and non-responders. The systolic BP (SBP, r = −0.474) and diastolic (DBP, r = −0.540) response to training negatively correlated with detraining (p<0.01), independent of modality (p>0.05). Exercise responders reduced SBP 11.5±7.8 (n = 29) and DBP 9.8±6.2 mmHg (n = 31); non-responders increased SBP 7.9.±10.9 (n = 46) and DBP 4.9±7.1 mmHg (n = 44) (p<0.001). We found 65.5% of SBP training responders were SBP detraining non-responders; while 60.9% of SBP training non-responders were SBP detraining responders (p = 0.034). Similarly, 80.6% of DBP training responders were DBP detraining non-responders; while 59.1% of DBP training non-responders were DBP detraining responders (p<0.001). The SBP detraining response (r = −0.521), resting SBP (r = −0.444), and MetSz (r = 0.288) explained 44.8% of the SBP training response (p<0.001). The DBP detraining response (r = −0.553), resting DBP (r = −0.450), and MetSz (r = 0.463) explained 60.1% of the DBP training response (p<0.001).Conclusions/SignificanceAs expected most subjects that decreased BP after exercise training, increased BP after detraining. An unanticipated finding was most subjects that increased BP after exercise training, decreased BP after detraining. Reasons why the negative effects of exercise training on BP maybe reversed with detraining among some people should be explored further.Trial Registration InformationClinicalTrials.gov 1R01HL57354; 2003–2008; NCT00275145
Highlights
Hypertension is one of the most important cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors [1,2], and is the most common primary diagnosis in the United States [3]
We found of the 29 people classified as systolic BP (SBP) training responders (SBP decreased), the metabolic syndrome (MetS) improved in 31.0% and the MetS became worse in 69.0%
Mean arterial pressure (MAP), mean arterial pressure; Waist circumference (WC), Waist Circumference; TG, Triglycerides. *p,0.05, {p,0.001 After versus before exercise. `p,0.05, &p,0.001, Responders versus non-responders. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0105755.t003. The purpose of this STRRIDE-AT/RT sub-study was to examine the relationship between the blood pressure (BP) response after 6 months of exercise training followed by a 2 week detraining period among 75 sedentary, middle aged men and women with prehypertension and mild to moderate dyslipidemia, 29.3% of which had the MetS
Summary
Hypertension is one of the most important cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors [1,2], and is the most common primary diagnosis in the United States [3]. The BP lowering effects of exercise training occur rapidly within just three exercise sessions, persist with continued training, and diminish to pre-training levels within 2 weeks after training has ceased [7,8]. For these reasons, the American College of Sports Medicine recommends individuals with hypertension engage in moderate intensity, aerobic exercise on most days of the week for 30–60 minutes per day, and moderate intensity, resistance training two to three days per week as a supplement to aerobic exercise training to lower BP [6,9]. We examined the relationship between the BP responses after 6 months of training followed by 2 weeks of detraining among the same people
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