The relationship between sudomotor function and skin microvascular reactivity in individuals with type 1 diabetes of long duration

Abstract

AimThe aim of this study was to assess the relationship between sudomotor function and microvascular perfusion in patients with type 1 diabetes (DM1). MethodsWe evaluated 415 patients (206 women), with DM1, median age of 41 (IQR: 33–53) years, disease duration of 25 (IQR: 20–32) years. We assessed metabolic control of diabetes and the presence of peripheral and cardiac autonomic neuropathy. Sudomotor function was assessed using Sudoscan device by electrochemical skin conductance (ESC). Microvascular function was measured by laser-Doppler flowmetry with basal perfusion, the peak flow after occlusion (PORHpeak) and THmax which is the percentage change between basal perfusion and the peak flow during thermal hyperemia (TH). The accumulation of advanced glycation end products in the skin was assessed by skin autofluorescence (AF) measurement using AGE Reader. We subdivided patients based on the presence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) and according to normal value of ESC. ResultsPatients with abnormal ESC had higher skin AF [2.5 (2.1–2.9) vs 2.1 (1.9–2.5) AU, p < 0.001], lower eGFR [83 (72–96) vs 98 (86–108) ml/min/1.73 m2, p < 0.001], higher basal perfusion [25 (12–81) vs 14 (7–43) PU, p < 0.001], lower THmax [664 (137–1461) vs 1115 (346–1933) %, p = 0.002], higher PORHpeak [104 (59–167) vs 70 (48–135) PU, p < 0.001] as compared to subjects with normal ESC results.We found negative correlation between THmax and TG level (Rs = −0.14, p < 0.005), AF (Rs = −0.19, p = 0.001), vibration perception threshold - VPT (Rs = −0.24, p < 0.001) and positive correlation with HDL level (Rs = 0.14, p = 0.005), Feet ESC (Rs = 0.21, p < 0.001) and Hands ESC (Rs = 0.14, p = 0.004). We found positive correlation between PORHpeak and TG level (Rs = 0.14, p = 0.003), skin AF (Rs = 0.29, p < 0.001), VPT (0.27, p < 0.001) and negative correlation with eGFR (Rs = −0.2, p < 0.001), HDL (Rs = −0.12, p = 0.01), Feet ESC (Rs = −0.27, p < 0.001) and Hand ESC (Rs = −0.16, p = 0.002). ConclusionImpaired microvascular reactivity is associated with sudomotor dysfunction in patients with type 1 diabetes.