Abstract
This study explores the link between smartphone addiction in senior high-school students, parent–child relationship, loneliness, and self-efficacy on the basis of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and social cognitive theory (SCT). A survey of 2172 students (1205 female students, 966 male students; mean age = 16.58 years, SD = 0.78) from 32 senior high schools in Taiwan was conducted. Moderation mediation analysis was performed using Model 14 of SPSS PROCESS-macro to test the hypotheses of this study. The result showed that the parent–child relationship was negatively related both to smartphone addiction and loneliness, which mediated the link between parent–child relationship and smartphone addiction. Self-efficacy was also found to moderate the level of loneliness related to smartphone addiction. Specifically, loneliness will ease when the parent–child relationship improves, and smartphone addiction will accordingly lessen. It was also discovered that the elevation of self-efficacy could mitigate the level of addiction. Lastly, this study provided parents, education agencies, and other policymakers in the education sector with implications based on these findings. Preventive measures for smartphone addiction and recommendations for future investigations are also given.
Highlights
Smartphones have penetrated into people’s lives at a speed that one can barely notice.Problematic use of smartphones has been differentiated as a type of addiction [1]
Given the aforementioned literature and theory of planned behavior (TPB), this study argues that the subjective perception of senior high-school students of their parent–child relationship might affect their use of smartphones
We can confirm that loneliness can mediate the link between parent–child relationship and smartphone addiction, and the finding coincides with the previous empirical studies
Summary
Smartphones have penetrated into people’s lives at a speed that one can barely notice.Problematic use of smartphones has been differentiated as a type of addiction [1]. Due to the adverse impact of smartphone addiction on affect, social, and behavioral development [2,3], it has become one of the most common non-drug addictions in the contemporary era. Smartphone addiction shares typical withdrawal symptoms associated with drug, internet, and other types of addiction [4], such as being out of control, tolerance, mood changes, and relapse [5,6]. In in the area of technology, such as in the use of mobile phones or in health-behavior health-behavior related studies [35,36]. Outcome expectations in relation to behavioral Bandura believed. Bandura believed that personal behaviors were theintentions outcome of the undisrupted interacthat theindividual) outcome ofand the their undisrupted interaction between apersonal person tionpersonal betweenbehaviors a person were
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