The Relationship between Sense of Coherence, Stress, Body Image Satisfaction and Eating Behavior in Japanese and Austrian Students

Kato Kato,Müller-Gartner Müller-Gartner,Saito Saito,Greimel Greimel,Salchinger Salchinger,Hu Hu,Freidl Freidl,Roth Roth

doi:10.3390/psych1010039

Kato Kato, Müller-Gartner Müller-Gartner + Show 6 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3390/psych1010039

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Abstract

Background: Restrained, emotional, and external eating are related to obesity and eating disorders. A salutogenic model has confirmed sense of coherence (SOC) as a health resource that moderates stress and helps limit the occurrence of overweightness and eating disorders. This study aimed to examine the relationship between SOC, social support, stress, body image satisfaction (BIS) and eating behaviors in different cultural environments. Methods: A total of 371 Austrian (161 men, 210 women) and 398 Japanese (226 men, 172 women) university students participated. The SOC-13 scale, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire, BMI-Based Silhouette Matching Test and an analogue single-stress item were used as measurements. Results: SOC negatively affected all three types of eating in Austrian students (men: β = −0.227 to −0.215; women: β = −0.262 to −0.214). In Japanese students, SOC negatively affected external eating in both sexes (men: β = −0.150; women: β = −0.198) and emotional eating (β = −0.187) in men. BIS indicated that the desire to become slim predicted restrained eating, women’s emotional eating, and men’s and Austrian women’s external eating. Stress was only predictive of emotional eating in Japanese men. Conclusions: This study found that SOC, BIS and stress might be valuable factors regulating eating behavior in a cultural context. However, the relationship between SOC, BIS, stress and eating behavior differs between cultures.

Highlights

Three eating behaviors, emotional eating (EME), external eating (EXE) and restrained eating (RE), are often associated with dieting, weight gain and binge eating
The main findings of this study indicate that sense of coherence (SOC) and body image satisfaction (BIS) pertain negatively to RE, EME, and EXE with the appearance of culture and gender differences
Not all eating behaviors reflect disordered eating, per se, but some eating behaviors seem to be associated with occasional overeating and moderate overweightness, such as restrained and emotional eating [31]

Summary

Introduction

Emotional eating (EME), external eating (EXE) and restrained eating (RE), are often associated with dieting, weight gain and binge eating. EME using psychosomatic theory [1], which states that obesity is not usually caused by organic disorders, but results from overeating due to emotional disturbances. RE is explained by restraint theory, which suggests that people eat less when they desire to lose or maintain. Evidence suggests that EME and EXE are related to obesity and eating disorders such as binge eating and bulimia [4]. Restrained, emotional, and external eating are related to obesity and eating disorders. The SOC-13 scale, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire, BMI-Based Silhouette Matching Test and an analogue single-stress item were used as measurements

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