The Relationship between Real-Time and Time-Integrated Coarse (2.5–10 μm), Intermodal (1–2.5 μm), and Fine (

Abstract

A periodic review of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) will assess the standards with respect to levels, particle size, and averaging times. Some members of the scientific community in the United States and Europe have suggested the use of PM1 instead of PM2.5 as the fine particle measurement standard. This proposed standard is intended to reduce the influence of coarse particle sources on PM2.5, because some evidence suggests that PM1–2.5 is dominated by coarse particulate matter (PM) sources. In this study, coarse (PM2.5–10), intermodal (PM1–2.5), and fine (PM2.5) mass concentrations at four different sites are measured with continuous and time-integrated sampling devices. The main objective is to compare variations in these three size ranges while considering the effects of location, sources, weather, wind speed, and wind direction. Results show strong correlations between PM1 and intermodal PM in receptor sites. The contribution of PM1–2.5 to PM2.5 is highest in the summer months, most likely due to enhanced long-range transport. Coarse PM is poorly correlated with intermodal PM. Continuous data suggest that PM1 is growing into PM1–2.5 via complex processes involving stagnation of the aerosol during high relative humidity conditions, followed by advection during daytime hours