Abstract
The tackling of carbon deposition during the dry reforming of biogas (BDR) necessitates research of the surface of spent catalysts in an effort to obtain a better understanding of the effect that different carbon allotropes have on the deactivation mechanism and correlation of their formation with catalytic properties. The work presented herein provides a comparative assessment of catalytic stability in relation to carbon deposition and metal particle sintering on un-promoted Ni/Al2O3, Ni/ZrO2 and Ni/SiO2 catalysts for different reaction temperatures. The spent catalysts were examined using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Raman spectroscopy, high angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM-HAADF) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results show that the formation and nature of carbonaceous deposits on catalytic surfaces (and thus catalytic stability) depend on the interplay of a number of crucial parameters such as metal support interaction, acidity/basicity characteristics, O2– lability and active phase particle size. When a catalytic system possesses only some of these beneficial characteristics, then competition with adverse effects may overshadow any potential benefits.
Highlights
During the last decades, renewable power sources have entered dynamically into the world’s energy markets promising sustainable development, improved domestic energy supply and a better future without the threats of climate change and environmental pollution
The calcined and/or reduced catalytic materials used have been characterized using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), X-ray diffraction (XRD), CO2 and NH3 -temperature programmed desorption (TPD), temperature programmed reduction (H2 -TPR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). As these results have been reported in detail previously in Ref. [46], only a brief summary of the main findings is provided as they have been used when discussing catalytic performance and its relation to carbon deposition and metal particle sintering
The biogas dry reforming reaction has an inherent tendency towards coke deposition due to the high temperatures needed for the reaction to proceed in a forward direction, and the methane decomposition Equation (3) and Boudouard reactions Equation (4) that occur in parallel with the main reaction
Summary
Renewable power sources have entered dynamically into the world’s energy markets promising sustainable development, improved domestic energy supply and a better future without the threats of climate change and environmental pollution. In this context, biogas is widely considered as a renewable, environmentally sustainable and abundant gaseous biofuel, readily usable for the generation of heat or the cogeneration of heat and power. Biogas is widely considered as a renewable, environmentally sustainable and abundant gaseous biofuel, readily usable for the generation of heat or the cogeneration of heat and power It is produced by the bacterial degradation of biomass under anaerobic conditions and has a typical composition of. Biogas dry reforming could make a sizable contribution to the future production of renewable hydrogen, which is envisioned as the best fuel for highly efficient generation of electricity in fuel cell plants and vehicles with zero carbon and greenhouse gas emissions [5,6]
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