Abstract
Inflammation and the cytokine hypotheses have been proposed for schizophrenia. Several proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines have been studied in drug-naive, first-episode, and/or chronic...
Highlights
Introduction and objectiveSchizophrenia is a chronic and severe mental illness, which leads to a heterogeneous symptomatology, including hallucinations, delusions, negative symptoms, and deterioration in cognitive functions [1]
The serum levels of IL-6 and TGF-β were significantly higher in patients with schizophrenia compared to healthy controls (p = .048, p = .012)
IL-8 and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels have been demonstrated to have positive correlations with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) negative subscale [12,13], IL-2 levels, and the PANSS cognitive factor [14], while a negative correlation was determined between IL-2 levels and the PANSS positive subscore [14], IL-6 levels, and cognitive functions [15]
Summary
Introduction and objectiveSchizophrenia is a chronic and severe mental illness, which leads to a heterogeneous symptomatology, including hallucinations, delusions, negative symptoms, and deterioration in cognitive functions [1]. Altered immune system function has been proposed for schizophrenia through activated inflammatory processes, variations in immune-related genes and cytokine levels, activated microglia in the brain, increased kynurenic acid levels related to tryptophan metabolism, and an impaired hypothalamic– pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis [2,4,5]. These impairments have been blamed for the etiopathogenesis and symptomatology of schizophrenia [6]. Dickerson et al demonstrated that patients with elevated CRP levels (>5 mg/ mL) have lower cognitive scores than patients with normal CRP levels [16]
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