Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between a principal’s transformational leadership and creative teaching behavior of physical education teachers at junior and senior high schools in Taiwan (at the individual level) and the cross-level effect on creative teaching behaviors of physical education teachers in an innovative school climate (at the school level) and the moderator effect of an innovative school climate on the relationship between a principal’s transformational leadership and creative teaching behaviors of physical education teachers. A total of 800 questionnaires were distributed to physical education teachers at 59 junior and senior high schools and 477 valid surveys were collected for data analysis. Using hierarchical linear modeling, we found that at the individual level, a principal’s transformational leadership has a positive impact on creative teaching behaviors of physical education teachers, and at the school level, an innovative school climate has a positive impact on creative teaching behaviors (at the person level) of physical education teachers. An innovative school climate at the school level has no moderating effects on the relationship between a principal’s transformational leadership and creative teaching behaviors of physical education teachers. This study provides implications and applications for cross-level studies, and builds the foundation for future multilevel research.
Highlights
The 21st century has become part of the era of innovation economics, in which there are three characteristics: fierce competition of globalization, rapid technological evolution, and unlimited business opportunities
Bliese [40] suggested another indicator intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) to test whether the data were appropriate for the hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) analysis
Many studies have explored several factors related to creative teaching (CT), but mostly at the individual level, for example, the relationship of junior high school physical education teachers’ work engagement and CT [33] and the effects of senior high school physical education teachers’ proficiency and work motivation on CT [42]
Summary
The 21st century has become part of the era of innovation economics, in which there are three characteristics: fierce competition of globalization, rapid technological evolution, and unlimited business opportunities. In an innovation economy, enterprises must have innovative employees to maintain a competitive advantage. Their innovation abilities must start in schools, where teachers train students to have problem-solving abilities [1]. In order to respond to the needs of this creative economic era, many countries, such as the United States, Singapore, and Hong Kong, have White Paper on Education. Policy to train students with creativity [2,3]. Sustainability 2021, 13, 8184 interest in learning, and cultivate students’ creative thinking ability [4,5].
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