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Abstract
BackgroundThe prevalence of motor impairment is high in ADHD, but we do not know if this stems from infancy. Aims1) to compare the acquisition of motor milestones across three groups: Typically Developing (TD), Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD); 2) to determine the relationship between current motor ability and ADHD characteristics in children with ADHD. Methods and proceduresThe parents of children aged 8–16 years (ADHD, N = 100; DCD, N = 66; TD, N = 40) completed three online questionnaires: Motor milestone questionnaire; Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire (DCDQ’07) (concurrent motor ability); Conners 3 Parent Rating Scale Long Form (ADHD characteristics). Outcome and resultsWhen considered as a group, the ADHD group achieved motor milestones within a typical timeframe, despite concurrent motor impairments. Motor ability was not associated with ADHD characteristics. Latent Profile Analysis demonstrated that 56 % of the ADHD group and 48 % of the DCD group shared the same profile of motor milestone achievement, concurrent motor ability and ADHD characteristics. Outcomes and conclusionsUnlike children with DCD, the motor impairment often observed in ADHD is not evident from infancy. It is also not part of the ADHD phenotype. Individual differences analysis demonstrated the broad heterogeneity of the ADHD phenotype.
Highlights
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder (3 %–12 %) (Polanczyk, de Lima, Horta, Biederman, & Rohde, 2007), and is characterised by persistent problems with hyperactivity-impulsivity and/or inattention (DSM-5; American Psychological Association, 2013)
A co-occurring motor impairment is evident in children with ADHD, with approximately 50 % meeting criteria for Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) (Athanasiadou et al, 2019; Brossard-Racine, Majnemer, & Shevell, 2011; Farran et al, 2020; Kaiser, Schoemaker, Albaret, & Geuze, 2015)
1) For the ANOVA, we stated that we would divide the ADHD group into an ADHD-high motor and an ADHD-low motor. This division was based on the assumption that approximately 50 % of participants with ADHD would fall into each ADHD group, consistent with the literature
Summary
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder (3 %–12 %) (Polanczyk, de Lima, Horta, Biederman, & Rohde, 2007), and is characterised by persistent problems with hyperactivity-impulsivity and/or inattention (DSM-5; American Psychological Association, 2013). A co-occurring motor impairment is evident in children with ADHD, with approximately 50 % meeting criteria for Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) (Athanasiadou et al, 2019; Brossard-Racine, Majnemer, & Shevell, 2011; Farran et al, 2020; Kaiser, Schoemaker, Albaret, & Geuze, 2015). Aims: 1) to compare the acquisition of motor milestones across three groups: Typically Developing (TD), Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD); 2) to determine the relationship between current motor ability and ADHD characteristics in children with ADHD. Outcome and results: When considered as a group, the ADHD group achieved motor milestones within a typical timeframe, despite concurrent motor impairments. Individual dif ferences analysis demonstrated the broad heterogeneity of the ADHD phenotype
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