Abstract
Background: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease with increasing worldwide prevalence. There are many studies to observe the role of minerals on the glycemic state in diabetic patients. One of the in the human se minerals is magnesium. Magnesium is the fourth most abundant mineral in the human body. It has a role in the action of more than 300 enzymes most of them is ATP-dependent reactions. Finally, magnesium has an effect on glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, nucleic acid synthesis, and energy production. The relationship between magnesium and DM is complex and multifactorial. There is an association between hypomagnesemia and insulin resistance by affecting phosphorylation of insulin receptors, insulin signaling and insulin action. Another consequence of hypomagnesemia is oxidative stress which is also present in the pathogenesis of DM. Objective: This work is trying to emphasize the important role of magnesium in the control of the glycemic state in diabetic patients through highlighting the studies conducted to correlate between magnesium level in the body, dietary magnesium intake, or magnesium supplementation with risk of diabetes mellitus occurrence, insulin sensitivity or glycemic control in diabetic patients. This article suggested that magnesium therapy may be beneficial in improving the clinical parameters of diabetic patients including HbA1c%, fasting serum glucose, and fasting insulin level.
Highlights
Magnesium is the eighth abundant element in the earth while in the human body is the fourth most common mineral and in the cells is the most common mineral abundance after potassium in the abundance
A clinical trial conducted on type 2 diabetic patients with normal serum magnesium level found no improvement in glycemic control but this study has a limitation of small sample size only 26 patients take magnesium supplements through the study period[18]
Many studies on diabetic patients were performed to observe the interference between glycemic control and serum magnesium level
Summary
Magnesium is the eighth abundant element in the earth while in the human body is the fourth most common mineral and in the cells is the most common mineral abundance after potassium in the abundance. The relevant physical property of magnesium is hydrated with stronger bonds than that of water with other cations so its dehydration is difficult This property explains many features of magnesium such as calcium antagonism by magnesium as calcium pass the biological membrane more readily than magnesium because hydration of magnesium make it larger[1] Another correlation between magnesium and calcium is competition for plasma protein- binding sites and magnesium act as an inhibitor of inositol triphosphate (IP-3) gated calcium channel[2]. About 1% of total body magnesium resides in the blood (red blood cells and serum). In serum it is either presented as free ionized, protein bound or anions complexes. The extent of intestinal magnesium absorption is not constant that is ranging from one quarter to three quarters of consumed magnesium depending on many factors including serum magnesium level, age of individual, concurrent food composition and others[1, 5].
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