Abstract
According to Raine (1993, pp. 166–172), one of the most replicable findings in the literature is that antisocial and violent youth tend to have low resting heart rates. A possible explanation of this is that a low heart rate indicates fearlessness. Conversely, high heart rates, especially in infants and young children, are associated with anxiety, behavioral inhibition, and a fearful temperament (Kagan, 1994). Fearful people are unlikely to commit violent acts. Another possibility is that a low heart rate reflects autonomic under-arousal. Low autonomic arousal, like boredom, leads to sensation-seeking and risk-taking in an attempt to increase stimulation and arousal levels. People who take risks are more likely to be violent than others.
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