The Relationship Between Ionized Calcium Levels and Prognosis in Patients with Spontaneous Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Abstract

The serum calcium plays a role as a cofactor in critical steps such as cardiac contractility, vascular tone, and the coagulation cascade. This study aimed to determine if the level of ionized calcium can predict outcomes in patients with spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in the emergency department. The study was a retrospective cross-sectional case series. Patients aged 18 and over diagnosed with spontaneous SAH in the emergency department were included in the study. Patients' demographic characteristics, comorbidities, vital signs, laboratory parameters, World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies score, SAH grading according to the Fisher scale, needs of mechanical ventilation and inotropic treatment, administered treatments, complications, Rankin scores at discharge, and outcome were recorded in a standard data form. A total of 267 patients were studied, with a mean age of 55.5 ± 13.4years, and 53.9% (n= 144) were female. Hydrocephalus was present in 16.5% of patients. The average hospital stay was 20.4 ± 19.8days. Mortality rate was 34.8% (n= 93). Mortality was significantly higher in patients with low calcium levels upon admission (P= 0.024). Ionized calcium levels during complication development independently predicted mortality (OR: 0.945, 95% CI: 0.898-0.996, P= 0.034). Patients with poor neurologic outcomes (Rankin: 3-6) had significantly lower initial ionized calcium levels (P= 0.002). The ionized calcium level is a readily accessible blood gas parameter that assists clinicians in predicting functional independence and mortality at discharge in patients presenting to the emergency department with spontaneous SAH.