Abstract
In this paper, we use (Yilanci et al. 2020) Fourier autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model to study the correlation between health expenditures, CO2 emissions, and GDP fluctuations in BRICS countries from 2000 to 2019. The Fourier ARDL model has the function of bootstrap repeated simulation calculations, so that small samples can also achieve the advantages of finer inspection results. In this paper, we find that in the long term, Brazil and China are countries that both have cointegration relationships in health expenditure, CO2 emissions, and economic growth. With CO2 emissions as the dependent variable and health expenditure and economic growth as independent variables, in the short term, there is a negative causal relationship between India’s CO2 emissions and health expenditure; other countries only show the relationship between CO2 emissions, health expenditure, or economic growth one-way relationship. This paper also has some policy suggestions on health expenditures and CO2 emissions in the BRICS countries at the end.
Highlights
In 2020, COVID-19 epidemic swept the world suddenly, accompanied by large-scale shutdowns around the world, leading to the interruption of domestic and foreign trade, reduced investment, and low consumption
Under the test of health expenditure and CO2 emissions, in Brazil, CO2 emissions have a one-way impact on health expenditure; i China, health expenditure has a one-way impact on CO2 emissions; Iin India, there is a two-way causal relationship between CO2 emissions and health expenditure
When economic growth is added as the control variable, in the long term, in China, health expenditure is positively correlated with CO2 emissions, mainly because China’s industrial development promotes the increase of CO2 emissions and medical expenditure; at the same time, with the introduction of CO2 emission policies in China, there are a negative correlation between economic growth and C O2 emissions
Summary
In 2020, COVID-19 epidemic swept the world suddenly, accompanied by large-scale shutdowns around the world, leading to the interruption of domestic and foreign trade, reduced investment, and low consumption. Restricted by their own endowments, the economic development model of the BRICS countries is characterized by high pollution and high energy consumption,. According to the “BP Statistical Yearbook of World Energy (2020),” among the BRICS countries, China currently has the highest carbon emissions in the world. Due to the needs of economic development, the total amount of carbon dioxide emissions is still increasing day by day, posing many threats to the health of the residents of the BRICS countries. From some existing research results, due to a series of complex factors such as economic development level, population aging, medical and health supply resources, and years of education, it is still controversial whether CO2 emissions will promote population aging and the impact of medical expenditure. Compared with the 1880s, the Earth’s surface temperature has risen by an average of 1.5 °C.4 Scientists believe that the rise in the surface temperature is of earth due to the increase of CO2 and endothermic
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