Abstract
Caffeinated drinks are the most widely consumed beverages globally and their intake has increased in the elderly. Caffeine exhibits dose-dependent adverse effects. Low to moderate doses cause anxiety, restlessness, irritability, and nausea. High doses of 3-5g can affect different physiological systems and lead to detrimental effects like palpitations, hypertension, agitation, seizures, and coma. Low-dose aspirin is the most used anticoagulant in preventing ischemic vascular events. An increased risk of intracranial hemorrhage is associated with low-dose aspirin with an intensified intracerebral hemorrhage risk. The aim of this research is to explore the association between caffeine and aspirin in causing lethal intracranial hemorrhage in the older population. Because of the devastating nature of intracranial hemorrhages and the inconsistent published data on the risk of intracranial hemorrhage in individuals taking both aspirin and caffeine, we conducted a systematic review considering the elderly population.We conducted the study following the reporting guidelines for systematic review and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) checklist. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were determined. Data was collected from PubMed, PubMed Central® (PMC), National Library of Medicine (MEDLINE), Google Scholar, Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), and Web of Science by applying keywords and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms individually. Our initial search yielded 155,270 articles, which were scrutinized, and duplicates were removed for accuracy. Of these, a total of 13 research papers were finally extracted using the PRISMA recommendations and applying other inclusion and exclusion criteria. With the help of our systematic review, we could determine that both aspirin and caffeine portrayed a role in causing intracranial hemorrhage independently, but further studies are recommended to evaluate if both could lead to similar adverse effects when taken collectively.
Highlights
This review article will discuss the effects of caffeine on the brain and its potential role in causing intracranial hemorrhage when combined with aspirin in the elderly population
Since the mortality of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is soaring, it was essential for us to emphasize the effects of caffeine and aspirin on the older populace
This review article explained the mechanism of caffeine and aspirin and how each was independently associated with a risk of intracranial hemorrhage
Summary
Caffeine is the most consumed central nervous system stimulant in the world [1]. It is a component of various dietary sources, including coffee, tea, candy bars, cocoa beverages, energy drinks, and soft drinks. The caffeine content of these dietary sources differs as follows: coffee: 71-220 mg per 150 mL, tea: 32-42 mg per 150 mL, cola drinks: 32-70 mg per 330 mL, and cocoa beverages: 4 mg per 150 mg [2]. Consumption surveys performed by the coffee industry suggest that 64% of the US population aged 18 years and older drink a cup of coffee every day.
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