Abstract
Background: Alzheimer disease(AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative dysfunction with a cognitive deficit and amyloid-β(Aβ) accumulation. That said, the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) has 4 variants, with E4 being linked to decreased cerebral blood flow and fragile blood-brain barrier (BBB). In this way, the BBB has an important role in removing substances that are toxic to the brain such as βA protein. Objective: Demonstrate the relationship of ApoE4 and BBB dysfunction in the pathophysiology of AD. Methods: Bibliographic review using the CAPES journals portal, in the last 5 years. Results: After analyzing the studies, it is inferred that in cases of homozygosity for ApoE4 in relation to ApoE3 there is a 15 fold increased chance of developing AD and 3 fold heterozygosity. It is concluded that the mechanism that probably explain is related to the secretion of ApoE by the pericytes that lining brain vessels in the BBB, whilst the subtype E4 exacerbates cyclophilinA, which promotes the activation of metalloproteinase-9, causing junctions rupture between adjacent endothelial cells, promoting the loss of βA homeostasis. Conclusion: It can be inferred, that ApoE has great importance in the regulation of the integrity of BBB’s integrity, is undeniable that such protein has a significant contribution in the pathophysiology of AD, hereupon, it’s urgent that these studies need to be continued to develop new therapies in individuals who express ApoE4.
Highlights
Capsaicin is able to induce mast cell degranulation, an event probably related to the pathophysiology of a migraine attack
The present review study aimed to address the mechanisms of action of capsaicin and other chemical inducers in mast cell degranulation and an interaction of nerves and events that happen in the dura mater with the activation of mast cells
Conclusion: the analyzed data indicate that the polymorphisms contributed to the susceptibility to Parkinson’s disease (PD), further studies related to the polymorphisms and their relationship to PD are still needed for more ethnic groups, and early diagnosis is possible
Summary
Capsaicin is able to induce mast cell degranulation, an event probably related to the pathophysiology of a migraine attack. Methods: A literature review and an observational, descriptive and transversal data collect on treatment for acute demyelinating polyradiculoneuritis, available at DATASUS from January 2008 to December 2020, and articles available at Scielo and PubMed. Results: There were 7,917 hospitalizations, representing a total expenditure of R$ 9,392,552.04, 2009 being the year with the highest number of hospitalizations (809) and 2017 with the highest amount spent during the period (R$ 967,284.65). Methods: A literature review and an observational, descriptive and transversal data collect on surgical treatment was carried out, available from January 2008 to December 2020 and articles available in Scielo, Lilacs and PubMed. Results: There were 15,148 hospitalizations for surgical procedures for the treatment of chronic subdural hematoma, representing a total expenditure of R$ 45,365,258.21, with 2018 being the year with the highest number of hospitalizations (1,418) and with the highest amount spent during the period (R$ 4,570,334.28). Conclusions: The “Coca-Cola Bottle sign” is a classic sign of Graves’ disease, some signs, such as, unilateral and single orbital musculature involvement, may be suggestive of involvement by other etiologies, suggesting the benefit of an early expanded investigation
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