Abstract
The main chemical components of 13 Saudi honey samples (composed of winter and summer honeys) were identified according to anti-ulcer and antioxidant activity by using phytochemical and chromatographic analyses. Phytochemical screening of ethyl acetate and water extracts was used to detect the presence of carbohydrates, flavonoids, amino acids, and phenolic acids. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of sugar contents was used to detect the presence of galactose in all of the honey samples. The other detected sugars were sucrose, fructose, and arabinose. Fifteen amino acids were detected in all of the honey samples: Prolin is dominant in all of the honey samples. The citric acid and tartaric acids of winter and summer honey were also detected, in addition to faint traces of free oxalic acid. Both samples were tested for amino acids, phenolic compounds, and sugars. The most crucial result derived in this study is the effect of summer honey on ulcers. The anti-ulcer activities were also evaluated, showing that oral administration of the honey samples reduced the intensity of ulcer scores when compared to the control group. Similarly, there was a highly significant reduction in the values of the ulcer indices and areas in rats that received the same sample (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01) in comparison with those of the ulcer control rats. Finally, the antioxidant activity of the honey samples was evaluated, revealing a proportional relationship between the anti-oxidant and anti-ulcer activities. The results of this study could be reached that the effectiveness of honey as an anti-ulcer increase with the increasing its antioxidant activities.
Highlights
Honey, which is used in both domestic and medicinal applications, has been widely used as a sweetener since ancient times
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of sugar contents was used to detect the presence of galactose in all of the honey samples
Because the methods for extraction and determination have varied among studies, 37 phenolic acids and flavonoids are described in the literature [3,4]
Summary
Honey, which is used in both domestic and medicinal applications, has been widely used as a sweetener since ancient times. Gastric ulcers are benign lesions occurring at a site where the mucosal epithelium is exposed to acid, alcohol, and pepsin. Numerous products are used for treating gastric ulcers including H2-blockers, proton pump inhibitors that reduce acid secretion, and sucralfate, which provides mucosal protection. These drugs have changed ulcer therapy remarkably, their efficacy is still debatable. Saudi Honey Samples Harvested from Various Regions in Different Seasons plants and other natural compounds for active drugs is still critical and might provide a useful source of new anti-ulcer products for developing pharmaceutical drugs or, alternatively, simple dietary adjuncts to existing therapies [10]. This study assessed the efficacy of honey samples for their gastro-protective effects in rats, as well as the study of antioxidant, and conducted phytochemical and chromatographic analysis to determine their main chemical components
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