Abstract
Background/Aim: Under a warming climate, increasing concerns are focused on impacts of high temperatures on health. This project aims to assess relationships between temperature and humidity and renal disease morbidity in Vietnam.Methods: We obtained daily hospital admission data (2000-2015) from 14 provincial and city hospitals across Vietnam, along with province-level weather data. Using a case-crossover design, we assessed relationships between temperature (daily mean, maximum, and minimum temperature, and heat index), relative humidity, and heatwave events and urolithiasis, acute renal disease, and other renal disease. We evaluated lagged and cumulative effects. To evaluate effects of prolonged extreme heat, we analyzed heatwave days defined as three or more consecutive days with daily maximum temperature ≥ 95th percentile, starting with the third day.Results: This study included 107,266 cases of renal disease during warm seasons. In same-day models, higher temperatures were significantly associated with increased urolithiasis risk, but not with increased risk for acute or other renal diseases. The odds ratios (OR) for urolithiasis generally decreased with increasing lag days. Among cumulative measures, 4-day average temperature showed the strongest association with urolithiasis. Our optimal model included 4-day average temperature and same-day heatwave day. For urolithiasis, the OR per 5ºC increase in 4-day average of mean temperature was 1.18 (95% confidence interval: 1.07,1.30), and the OR for being a heatwave day was 1.13 (1.04, 1.23). Results for maximum temperature, minimum temperature and heat index models were similar.Conclusions: Exposure to high temperature is a risk factor for urolithiasis. This effect is not limited to temperature on the same day, but extends to previous days. The greatest risk is conferred by cumulative exposure in the past four days, with a same-day heatwave day adding to the risk.
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