Abstract
The article presents overview of environmental and climatic, economic and migration situations in the countries of Oceania. In order to determine the relation of environmental and climatic changes and migration processes in the island states and territories of Oceania, New Zealand and Australia, analytical reports and censuses of the population of the states, estimates and statistics of international organizations are studied. The article analyses the state policy of island states and territories in the field of sustainable development and migration, as well as immigration policies of the main host countries such as Australia, New Zealand and the USA. It was found that internal and external migration in Oceania is mainly driven by socio-economic factors (problems with employment, education and medical services), while internal migration is usually directed to urban area, and external - from the city to foreign countries. Exploring the peculiarities of climate change and natural phenomena and their impact on the livelihoods of people in the region of Oceania, we can conclude that natural and climatic influences directly and indirectly affect different spheres of life of the local population. Nevertheless, the impact of climate change and natural phenomena on the migration of the population of Oceania at the moment is insignificant (no more than 10-12% of international flows), however, in the case of an increase in the intensity and frequency of na- tural disasters, and also due to an increase in the number and density of population (71 million people will live in the region to 2100) an increase in the flow of environmental migrants is inevitable.
Highlights
It was found that internal and external migration in Oceania is mainly driven by socio-economic factors, while internal migration is usually directed to urban area, and external – from the city to foreign countries
The impact of climate change and natural phenomena on the migration of the population of Oceania at the moment is insignificant, in the case of an increase in the intensity and frequency of natural disasters, and due to an increase in the number and density of population (71 million people will live in the region to 2100) an increase in the flow of environmental migrants is inevitable
Constable A.L. Climate change and migration in the Pacific: options for Tuvalu and the Marshall Islands // Regional environmental change
Summary
Изучив особенности изменения климата и природных явлений и их влияние на жизнедеятельность людей в Океании, можно сделать вывод, что природно-климатические факторы напрямую и опосредованно воздействуют на разные сферы жизни местного населения. Более 20 % ВВП Папуа – Новой Гвинеи, Соломоновых островов, Вануату, Кирибати, Федеральных Штатов Микронезии, Американского Самоа, Ниуэ, Тонги и Тувалу приходится на сельское хозяйство, у остальных стран региона доля сельского хозяйства в ВВП практически не превышает 10 %. Что в 2015 году для внутренних передвижений в Тувалу практически в равной мере наиболее выталкивающий эффект имели проблемы с трудоустройством (31 %), получением образования (30 %), медициной и другое (27 %), при этом определено, что природно-климатические явления были причиной 12 % внутренних миграционных потоков. А в 2015 году тропический циклон Пэм стал причиной перемещения 2520 человек на островах Кирибати, 5435 –
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