Abstract
Decisions on the control of stem borers are based on the relation between yield and infestation rate. The latter is measured as the percentage of plants attacked, the degree of leaf attack, internode attack, stem breakage, or the number of eggs, larvae and pupae per stem or adults per trap. Methods used for the assessment of Ostrinia nubilalis, Sesamia nonagrioides, S. cretica, S. nonagrioides subsp. botanephaga, Chilo partellus and Busseola fusca are reviewed. The relation to crop loss can be measured by using natural infestations, insecticides, artificial infestation or prevention of attack, resistant varieties or by artificial simulation of attack. The advantages of these methods are discussed.
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