Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer and principal cause of death among females worldwide. Invasion and metastasis are major causes which influence the survival and prognosis of BC. Therefore, to understand the molecule mechanism underlying invasion and metastasis is paramount for developing strategies to improve survival and prognosis in BC patients. Recent studies have reported that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play critical roles in the regulation of BC invasion and metastasis through a variety of molecule mechanisms that endow cells with an aggressive phenotype. In this article, we focused on the function of lncRNAs on BC invasion and metastasis through participating in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, strengthening cancer stem cells generation, serving as competing endogenous lncRNAs, influencing multiple signaling pathways as well as regulating expressions of invasion–metastasis related factors, including cells adhesion molecules, extracellular matrix, and matrix metallo-proteinases. The published work described has provided a better understanding of the mechanisms underpinning the contribution of lncRNAs to BC invasion and metastasis, which may lay the foundation for the development of new strategies to prevent BC invasion and metastasis.
Highlights
Breast cancer (BC), as the most common malignant tumor among women, is one of the leading causes of cancer deaths worldwide
The course of BC invasion and metastasis entails a series of molecules such as cells adhesion molecules (CAMs), extracellular matrix (ECMs), and matrix metallo-proteinases (MMPs)
Overexpression of ZFAS1 increased the expression of the epithelial marker E-cad while decreasing the expression of the mesenchymal markers N-cadherin and vimentin in MDA-MB-231 cells (Figure 2) [49]. These results suggest that long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) such as ANCR, CCAT2, lncRNA-ATB, and HOXA-AS2 participate in BC invasion and metastasis through Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)
Summary
Breast cancer (BC), as the most common malignant tumor among women, is one of the leading causes of cancer deaths worldwide. Overexpression of ZFAS1 increased the expression of the epithelial marker E-cad while decreasing the expression of the mesenchymal markers N-cadherin and vimentin in MDA-MB-231 cells (Figure 2) [49] Together, these results suggest that lncRNAs such as ANCR, CCAT2, lncRNA-ATB, and HOXA-AS2 participate in BC invasion and metastasis through TGF-β-induced EMT. LncRNA linc00617 was reported to promote BC invasion and metastasis c 2018 The Author(s) LncRNAs act crucial roles on BC metastasis partly via sponging to miRNAs or regulating the expression of miRNAs. For instance, NEAT1 could promote BC cells growth, migration, and invasion by inhibiting miR-448 and up-regulating ZEB1.
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