Abstract
The International Seabed Authority is the global international organization through which 167 member states organize and control deep seabed mining in the international seabed. In addition to allocating mining rights, the Authority elaborates, amends, and enforces rules applicable to extractive activities in the Area. However, its freedom of action vis-à-vis deep seabed mining operators is constrained by the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS):contractors enjoy security of tenure, and the Authority is bound to respect obligations of nondiscrimination, proportionality, and uniform treatment. Nevertheless, those safeguards must be interpreted and applied considering the Area’s specific legal status.
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