Abstract
Vaccines against Marek’s disease can protect chickens against clinical disease; however, infected chickens continue to propagate the Marek’s disease virus (MDV) in feather follicles and can shed the virus into the environment. Therefore, the present study investigated if MDV could induce an immunoregulatory microenvironment in feathers of chickens and whether vaccines can overcome the immune evasive mechanisms of MDV. The results showed an abundance of CD4+CD25+ and CD4+ transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)+ T regulatory cells in the feathers of MDV-infected chickens at 21 days post-infection. In contrast, vaccinated chickens had a lower number of regulatory T cells. Furthermore, the expression of TGF-β and programmed cell death receptor (PD)-1 increased considerably in the feathers of Marek’s disease virus-infected chickens. The results of the present study raise the possibility of an immunoregulatory environment in the feather pulp of MDV-infected chickens, which may in turn favor replication of infectious MDV in this tissue. Exploring the evasive strategies employed by MDV will facilitate the development of control measures to prevent viral replication and transmission.
Highlights
Accepted: 6 January 2022Marek’s disease (MD) in chickens is caused by an oncogenic herpesvirus, namedMarek’s disease virus (MDV) [1]
MDV expression genome levels were determined from the feathers and in the graph
Spleen in MDV-challenged chickens followed by real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) (Figure 1)
Summary
Accepted: 6 January 2022Marek’s disease (MD) in chickens is caused by an oncogenic herpesvirus, namedMarek’s disease virus (MDV) [1]. MD vaccines control clinical disease, vaccine-induced host responses are unable to prevent viral replication in FFE and transmission of MDV to the environment [5,6,7]. The viral load in feather follicles is higher than that in the spleen of MDV-infected chickens [6]. These apparent differences in viral numbers between lymphoid tissues and the productive replication site suggest that immune responses to MDV in feather follicles may not be effective, favoring the successful replication of the virus for transmission. Marek’s disease vaccines, including herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) and CVI988, can replicate and induce host immune responses in feathers [7,8,9].
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